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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is heart failure?
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A clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate necessary to meet the body's metabolic needs
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What can contribute to heart failure? x11
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1. Kidney dysfunction
2. Diabetes 3. Ischemic heart disease 4. Hypertension 5. Hypotension 6. Hyperthyroidism 7. Bradyarrhythmia 8. Tachyarrhythmia 9. Pulmonary embolism 10. HIV/AIDS 11. Myocardial infarction |
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What lifestyle factors can worsen heart failure? x2
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1. Excessive salt and alcohol consumption
2. Lack of physical activity |
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What interferes with ACE inhibitors and can worsen edema?
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflmammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
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Heart failure can affect what side of the heart? x3
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1. Left
2. Right 3. Both sides |
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Heart failure can be classified as what? x2
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1. SHF (systolic heart failure)
2. DHF (diastolic heart failure) |
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What is "switched on" when the heart function fails?
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Compensatory mechanisms
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What does RAAS do?
How? |
- Increases blood volume and cardiac output
- Produces sodium and fluid retention |
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How many stages of heart failure are there?
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4
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What is Stage A?
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High risk for developing heart failure
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What is Stage B?
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Structural changes without symptoms
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What is Stage C?
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Symptomatic
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What is Stage D?
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Advanced structual heart disease plus heart failure symptoms
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Is lifestyle modification used in all stages of heart failure?
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Yes
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What are the types of drugs used in the treatment of heart failure? x7
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1. Cardioglycosides
2. Diuretics 3. Aldosterone antagonists 4. Beta blockers 5. ACE inhibitors 6. ARBs 7. Vasodilators |
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Is digoxin the only cardioglycide available on the market?
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Yes
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Digoxin has a positive or negative inotropic effect on the heart?
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Positive
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What is digitalization?
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The process of rapidly increasing the inital dose of a drug until the therapeutic dose is achieved
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Does digoxion have a narrow or wide therapeutic index?
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Narrow
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What are diuretics administered for?
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To reduce edema
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What drugs are aldosterone antagonists? x2
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1. spironolactone
2. eplerenone |
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What is spironolactone recommended for?
What does it do? |
- Moderate to severe heart failure
- Reduces water and sodium accumulation |
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What can eplerenone do?
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Reduce cardiovascualr risk in patients after myocardial infarction
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Studies have shown that beta blockers can do what?
What else do they do? |
- Lower the risk of mortality associated with congestive heart failure
- Reduce excessive sympathetic stimulation induced by heart failure |
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ACE inhibitors and ARBs may be able to do what?
What do they do? x4 |
Reduce mortality
1. Reduce left ventricular hypertrophy 2. Improve diastolic filling 3. Increase cardiac output 4. Reduce peripheral vascualr resistance |
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When used in combination, what can isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine do? x2
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1. Decrease mortality
2. Effectively reduce cardiac congestion |
