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303 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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studies are based on clinical trials while studies are correlational or quasi-experimental in nature.
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Efficacy; Effectiveness
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"This is the theory that the ""whole"" can be understood only in terms of the organization and interactions of its components;it is the theoretical framework underlying family therapy."
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General Systems Theory
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"In general systems theory, interact with theenvironment by receiving input anddischarging output, whereas have no exchange withthe environment and can lead afamily to disorder anddisorganization. Families in therapyare usually the former."
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Open systems;closed systems
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"In general systems theory, this refers to the concept that every part of a system is interrelated, thus allparts are affected by a change in the system."
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Wholeness
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"This property of a family system, according to general systems theory, suggests the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; hence, therapists view the family as a single unit rather than a collection of individuals."
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Non-summativity
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"In general systems theory, this refers to the idea that the same end-result occurs for the wholefamily, regardless of where one enters the system."
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Equifinality
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A young girl who is molested by her father ends up becoming very sexually inhibited later in life. This is an example of according to general systems theory.
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Equipotentiality
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"From a general systems theory perspective, this refers to the tendency for a system to revert back to old ways amidst a change or disruption in the system. The system's management of negative and positive feedback determines the degree to which it exists."
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Homeostasis
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"In general systems theory,refers to the maintenance of a family'shomeostasis by attempting to correctdeviations in the status quo (e.g., dadyells at loud son and son quiets down),while refers to the disruption ofa family's homeostasis by encouraging orcreating deviations to the status quo(e.g., wife gets job and roles change forhusband/children)."
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Negative feedback; positive feedback
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"Interpersonal Therapy was initially developed as a treatment for depression, though it has since been applied to other conditions. While it acknowledges early experience, biology, and personality, it focuses on 1 of what4 areas of interpersonal functioning?"
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"Grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits"
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This phenomenon occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves toward the supervisor in ways similar to how the client is behaving toward the therapist.
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Parallel process
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What approach to family therapy focuses on therole of communication and distinguishes between symmetrical and complimentary communication?
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Communication/InteractionFamily Therapy
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"From the perspective of Communication/Interaction Family Therapy,
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involves conflicting negative injunctions, with one injunction often being expressed verbally and the other non-verbally (e.g., father says ""I love you"" while spanking child). This usually results in a frustrating conflict in the person receiving the message." Double-bind communication
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"According to Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, communication occurs between equals but may escalate into a competition for control, whereas communication occurs between participants who are unequal and emphasizes their differences (e.g., parent-child or employee-boss)."
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Symmetrical; Complimentary
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"What concept of Communication/Interaction Therapy suggests information is communication implicitly via nonverbal messages, which is also referred to ascommand-level communication?"
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Metacommunication (report-level communication refers to the intended verbal message)
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Who is the British psychologist known for research suggesting that any apparent benefit of therapy is actually due to spontaneous recovery?
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"Eysenck performed outcome studies showing that 72% of untreated neurotics improved without therapy, while 66% of clients in eclectic therapy and44% in psychoanalysis showed a substantial decrease in symptoms"
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"Eysenck concluded, based on his research, that what single form of therapy is superior to placebo or no treatment at all?"
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Behavior therapy
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"While the impact of duration of therapy (number of sessions) on client outcome is positive at first, it typically lessens over time, though never becomes negative. Thus, it can be said that the relationship between duration of therapy and treatment outcome is what?"
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Negatively accelerated
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An approach to the alleviation of mental disorders that is associated with both community mental health and public health is referred to as what?
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Prevention
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preventions make an intervention available to all members of a target group orpopulation in order to keep them from developing a disorder.
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Primary
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preventions identify at-risk individuals and offer them appropriate treatment.
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Secondary
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preventions are designed to reduce the duration and consequences of an illness that has already occurred.
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Tertiary
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"Based on the research, who are the most frequent callers and, consequently, receive the most benefit from suicide hotlines?"
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Young white females
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"Freudian psychoanalysis involves analyzing , , , and and consists of acombination of , , , and ."
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Free associations; dreams; resistances; transferences; confrontation; clarification; interpretation; working through
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"Freud posited that when the ego is unable to ward off danger (anxiety) through rational, realistic means, it resorts to one of its ."
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Defense mechanisms
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"What 2 characteristics do all defensemechanisms share, according to Freud?"
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They (1) operate on an unconscious level and (2) serve to distort reality
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Name the following defense mechanisms:
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involves refusing to accept external reality because it's too threatening; the gross reshaping of external reality to meet internal needs is called ; occurs when one attributes to others one's own unacceptable thoughts/emotions. Denial; distortion; projection
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Name the following defense mechanisms: refers to indirectly expressing aggression toward others;
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is the direct expression of an unconscious impulse without conscious awareness; is subconsciously viewing another personas more positive than they are. Passive aggression; acting out; idealization
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Name the following defense mechanisms: involves shifting sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable target; is an extreme separation of emotion from ideas in order to distance oneself from anxiety; and
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refers to converting unconscious inappropriate impulses into their opposites. Displacement; intellectualization; reactionformation
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"Name the following defense mechanisms:
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is the overt expression of ideas or feelings in such a way to give others pleasure; occurs when one identifies so deeply with some idea that it becomes a part of that persons character; refers to transferring/expressing negativeemotions or instincts in positive, more acceptable ways." Humor; introjection; sublimation
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Name the following defense mechanisms:is the rejection of painful or shameful experiences from consciousness and prevents unacceptable impulses/desires from reachingconsciousness;
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is the process of giving a socially acceptable reason to explain unacceptable thoughts or actions;occurs when a person becomes stuck in a successfully completed developmental stage and returns to this stage in response to difficult life problems. Repression; rationalization; fixation
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"The id, a completely unorganized reservoir of energy that includes all instincts and reflexes that are inherited at birth, operates according to what?"
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The pleasure principle
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"The is that part of the id that has been modified by its interaction with the external world, functions to suspend the pleasure principle, and represents the ."
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Ego; reality principle
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"What part of the ego acts as the conscience and is constructed largely from internalization of parental restrictions, prohibitions, and customs?"
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Superego
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"What unconscious mental process is characterized by limited logic, substitution of one idea with another, and by immediate discharge of energy?"
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Primary process
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"What conscious mental process, per psychoanalysis, is more logical and sequential in nature?"
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Secondary process
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This is the term a psychoanalytic psychologist might use to describe a weakening of one's defenses and the consequent breaking through of an impulse.
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Signal anxiety
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"During , a client is asked to attend to all thoughts and report them without suppressing or censuring them. Freud described
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asa reluctance or inability to recall the traumatic memories that caused one's symptoms." Free association; resistance
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"What is the term used to describe a client's projection of his own feelings, thoughts, wishes and attitudes about others in his past onto the therapist?"
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Transference
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Freud used the term to describe atransference reactionthat became veryintense during analysis.
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Transference neurosis
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"Of the 2 transference reactions, a client's feelings of love that are displaced from original objects (parents) onto the therapist are considered transferenceand facilitates treatment;transference involves displacementof aggressive drives from theoriginal objects onto the therapist."
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Positive;negative
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"What term is used to describe a relationship that allows the client to identify with the therapist as a person, one who can eventually help replace id with ego?"
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Therapeutic (working) alliance
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"This occurs when the therapist projects their emotions, thoughts, and wishes from the past onto the client's personality, or some other material the client is presenting, thus expressing unresolved conflicts and/or gratifying their own personal needs."
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Countertransference
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"In psychoanalytic terms, a client experiences when the recall of unconscious material leads to emotional release, while occurs when connections are made between current behaviors and unconscious material."
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Catharsis;insight
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What psychoanalytic technique serves the purpose of gradually increasing a client's insight into the reasonsunderlying current feelings and behavior?
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Interpretation
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"From a psychoanalytic perspective, a client who reports they have been thinking about problems outside oftherapy indicates what?"
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A good working alliance has been established
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"This personality theory and approach to therapy stresses the unity of the individual and the belief that behavior is purposeful andgoal-directed. Therapy focuses on exploring lifestyle determinants, including family atmosphere, distorted beliefs and attitudes, and birth order."
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Adler's Individual Psychology
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"Adler posited that what types of childhood feelings motivated growth, domination, and striving for superiority?"
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"Feelings of inferiority (also called ""inferiority complexes"")"
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What is another term Adler used instead of inferiority complex?
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Masculine protest
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"According to Adler, if an inferiority complex develops a connection with a specific part of the body, it is called what?"
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Organ inferiority
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"Adler believed children developed ""compensatory behavior patterns"" to defend against their feelings of inferiority. What did he refer to this to as?"
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Style of life
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What is the most significant difference between Freudian and neo-Freudian therapists?
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Neo-Freudians more heavily emphasize socio-cultural determinants of personality
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"Horney defined
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as feelings of helplessness and isolation in a hostile world, and believed it was caused by certain parental behaviors (e.g., indifference, overprotection, rejection)." Basic anxiety
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"According to Horney, what are the 3 modes of relating to others that children use to defend against basic anxiety?"
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"Movement toward others, movement against others, and movement away from others"
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"Sullivan posited 3 modes of cognitive experience he believed played a role in personality development. The mode involves discreet, unconnected momentary states and refers to experiences before language symbols are used; in the
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mode, people see causal connections between events that are not actually related using private (autistic) symbols; and the mode involves logical, sequential, and consistent thinking, and underlies language acquisition." Prototaxic; parataxic; syntaxic
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"According to Sullivan, neurotic behavior is caused by, which is characterized by a person dealing with others as if they were significant people fromtheir past (similar to transference)."
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Parataxic distortion
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"Fromm, who was interested in the role society plays in preventing people from realizing their true nature, identified what 5 character styles adopted by a person inresponse to societal demands?"
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"The receptive, the exploitative, the hoarding, the marketing, and the productive (the only one that permits a person to realize their true nature)"
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What is the main difference between Freudian psychoanalysisand Ego-Analysis?
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"Ego-analysis places greater emphasis on the role of the ego, as opposed to the id, in personality development"
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"From the perspective of the ego-analysts, pathology occurs when the loses its autonomy from the ."
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Ego; id
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Psychologists who primarily emphasize the impact of early relationships on personality development and view maladaptive behavior as the result of abnormalities in early relationships use what approach to psychotherapy?
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Object-RelationsTheory
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"Margaret Mahler, anObject-Relationstheorist and therapist, ismost noted for her studyof what process?"
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"Separation-individuation, which is the process by which internal representations of the self and others are formed"
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"In Object Relations Theory, this is the mental representation of a person that, when inappropriately developed, leads to pathology."
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Object introject
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"What is the Object-Relations term used to describe a person's tendency to separate object-representations into good and bad, usually leadingto aggressive feelings, irrational thinking, and poorly regulated behaviors?"
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Splitting
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What therapeutic approach refers to normal narcissism as a child's natural self-love and views pathology as stemming from consistent un-empathic parental responses during childhood?
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Self-Psychology(Kohut)
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"According toSelf-Psychology, a childdevelops a protective when theirnarcissism is inevitablyundermined by parentalfailure to satisfy all needs."
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Grandiose self
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"This therapeutic approach believes the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, adopts a here-and-now approach, views awareness as the primary goal of treatment, and defines neurosis as a ""growth disorder"" reflecting certain boundary disturbances and involving an abandonment of the self for theself-image."
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GestaltTherapy
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"Identify the following boundary disturbances as defined by Gestalt Therapy: refers to ""swallowing"" information without ever understanding or assimilating it; involves displacing one's own wishes onto another; in , a person does to herself what she wants to do to others (e.g., isolation, masturbation);refers to avoidance of contact by being vague, indirect, or overly polite; occurs when the self-environment boundary is too thin and self is notexperienced as distinct, but merged into attitudes, beliefs, and feelings of others; and is when theself-environment boundary becomes nonexistent."
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"Introjection; projection, retroflection, deflection, confluence; isolation"
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How does a Gestalt therapist view transference in the client-therapist relationship?
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As a fantasy that hinders trueself-awareness
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"What form of therapy views behavior as being determined by both conscious and unconscious factors, including collective unconscious, and is based on the theory that personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan?"
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Jung's Analytical Psychotherapy
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"Jung contended that the unconscious arises from repression, whereas unconscious comes fromuniversally inherited neural patterns and is described as the ""reservoir of the experiences of our species."""
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Personal (individual); collective
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"From Jung's Analytic perspective, are innate, universal prototypes for ideas that may be used to interpret observations. A group of memories and interpretations associated with one is termed a ."
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Archetypes;complex
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is the disposition to find pleasure in external things; reflects a turning inward of the libido.
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Extraversion;introversion
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"Jung believed that at approximately 40 years-old, people shiftfrom the of their youth to the of adulthood, a time period referred to as ."
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Extroversion; introversion; mid-life crisis (transition)
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Practitioners of what form of therapy hold the belief that people possess an inherent ability for growth and self-actualization and that maladaptive behavior occurs when incongruence between self and experience disrupts this natural tendency?
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Person-CenteredTherapy
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"In Person-Centered Therapy, what are the 3 facilitative conditions the therapist applies to enable clients to return to their natural tendency forself-actualization?"
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"Empathic understanding (empathy), congruence (genuineness/authenticity), and unconditional positive regard"
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Therapists from this modality view the client as expert while the therapist acts as a consultant/collaborator who poses questions designed to assist clients in recognizing and using their strengths and resources to achieve goals.
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Solution-FocusedTherapy
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True or False: Solution-Focused therapists believe that understanding the etiology or attribute of a maladaptive behavior is irrelevant?
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True- they prefer rather to focus on solutions to problems
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"What form of therapy that is focused on empowerment and social change, based onthe premise that ""the personal is political,"" and attempts to demystify the client-therapist relationship?"
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FeministTherapy
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"In Feminist Object Relations Therapy, what are the 2 contributors to gendered behaviors?"
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1. Sexual division of labor and 2. Mother-child relationship (positing that many gender differences can be traced to differences in mother-daughter andmother-son relationships)
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"In contrast to Feminist Therapy, therapy focuses more on personal causes of behavior and personal change."
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Nonsexist
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"According to this theory, one's sense of self is largely dependent on how they connect with others, thus psychopathology is viewed as resulting from disconnection with others."
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Self-In-RelationTheory
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What is a good technique to use with clients who are ambivalent about changing their behaviors and combines the transtheoretical model with client-centered therapy andself-efficacy?
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MotivationalInterviewing
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"The goals of increasing a couple's recognition and initiation of pleasurable interactions, decreasing a couple's aversive interactions (negative exchanges), teaching a couple effective problem-solving and communication skills, and teaching a couple to use acontingency contract to resolve persisting problems characterize what therapeutic approach?"
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Behavioral Family Therapy
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"This school of family therapy extends General Systems Theory beyond the nuclear family and views dysfunction as part of an intergenerational process. Thus, therapy often starts with the construction of a genogram."
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Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen; Bowenian)
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"The primary goal of Extended Family Systems Therapy is to encourage , which is one's ability to separate their intellectual and emotional functioning."
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Differentiation of self
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"According to Extended Family Systems Therapy, this occurs when two family members in conflict involve a third person, which usually immobilizes the third person."
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Triangulation
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"A practitioner of Extended Family Systems Therapy often joins a dyad, creating a , in an attempt to reduce the original level of fusion and achieve higher self-differentiation."
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Therapeutic triangle
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"What are the 3 formative stages therapy groups usually pass through, as proposed by Yalom?"
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"(1) Hesitancy, search for meaning, and dependency; (2) conflict, dominance, and rebellion; and (3) cohesiveness"
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What characteristic of a therapy group does Yalom believe is most important and is most similar to the therapist-client relationship in individual therapy?
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Cohesiveness
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Yalom believes that is inevitablein a group and must beresolved in a way thatbenefits the group.
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Transference
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Is it ever appropriate for co-therapists to openly disagree during a group session?
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"Yes, but not until the group has developed some cohesiveness (6+ sessions)"
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"Yalom ranks , , and the most important factors of group therapy. However, higher-functioning group members rate and , while lower-functioning members believe is most important."
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"Interpersonal learning, catharsis, cohesiveness; universality,interpersonal learning;instillation of hope"
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"Since concurrent individual and group therapy allows for both extensive intrapersonal exploration and external support, it can be helpful for people presenting with what disorders?"
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Borderline and narcissistic personality disorder
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"One problem with concurrent group and individual therapy is that a client may be more expressive and inclined toself-disclose in therapy, thus limiting material that could be used for therapy."
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Individual;group
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"True or False: Regarding group therapy, Yalom contends that prescreening of potential group members andpost-selection preparation is unnecessary?"
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False- Yalom states that prescreening andpost-selection preparation can reduce premature termination from group therapy and enhance therapy outcomes
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"Of the many factors found to influence the behavior of a therapeutic group,which one do most experts believe is the most important for the therapist to consider?"
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"Intelligence, arguing that clients should have similar intelligence levels to encouragegreater group interaction"
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What is the ideal size of a therapy group?
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"7 to 10 members. 5 or less limits learning and creates too much client-therapist interaction, while more than 10 leads to alienation and lack of cohesiveness"
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"Research by Guy, Poelstra, and Stark(1989) found that (1) therapists find to be the most stressful clientbehavior; (2) therapists consider to be the single most stressfulaspect of their work; and (3) issuesrelated to constitute the mostfrequently encountered ethical/legaldilemma."
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Suicidal statements; a lack of therapeutic success; confidentiality
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"What approach to family therapy focuses on transactional patterns and views symptoms as interpersonal events that serve to control relationships, views therapy as a power struggle between the client/family and the therapist, and was influenced by structural family therapy, communication/interaction therapy, and Milton Erickson?"
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Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)
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"A strategic family therapist might instruct a client to engage in the symptomatic behavior in an attempt to harness the energy of resistance in the service of change, which is called what?"
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Paradoxical directive
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"According to Strategic Family Therapy, this involves relabeling a behavior to make it more amenable to change and giving a new or altered meaning to a situation."
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Reframing
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"What Strategic Family Therapy ""strategy"" involves asking each family member to describe relationships within the family system and note the differences, the goal being to help family members view problems in a new light and make them more amenable to change?"
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Circular questioning
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What approach to family therapy encourages couples to focus more on positive aspects of each other and use reciprocal reinforcement (quid pro quo)?
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Operant Interpersonal Therapy
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"In a consultative relationship, evaluations areperiodically conducted toassess the consultationprocess, while evaluations are conducted toassess the consultationproduct."
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Formative;summative
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"It is the primary goal of what model of therapy to help clients identify responsible and effective ways of satisfying their needs and thereby develop a ""success identity?"""
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RealityTherapy
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"Reality therapy (1) rejects the and the concept of ; (2) focuses on behaviors and beliefs; (3) views transference as to the therapy process; (4) stresses processes; (5) emphasizes
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, especially the client's ability to judge what is right/wrong in daily life; and (6) teaches specific behaviors that will enable clients to ." Medical model; mental illness; current; detrimental; conscious; value judgments; fulfill their needs
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"According to Glasser's Reality Therapy, a person who meets their needs in an irresponsible manner adopts what?"
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"A ""failure identity"""
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"In what therapeutic approach do therapists analyze a client's child, parent, and adult ego states?"
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Transactional Analysis (Berne)
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"Therapists of Transactional Analysis believe transactions occur between ego states at 2 levels (social and covert) by way of , or recognition from others. They can be either positive or negative."
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Strokes
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"Developed early in life through interactions with parents and others, practitioners of Transactional Analysis believe, or a persons life plan, reflect a characteristic pattern of giving and receiving strokes; anunhealthy one leads to maladaptive behavior."
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Scripts
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What are the 4 life positions according to Transactional Analysis?
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I'm OK - you're OK; I'm OK - you're not okay; I'm not OK - you're OK; I'm not OK - you're not OK
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"According to Transactional Analysis, a transaction is when the originalcommunication is responded toappropriately; a transactionoccurs when the original communicationis met with a response from aninappropriate ego state; and a transaction occurs when confusionensues due to the communicator giving adual message."
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Complimentary; crossed; ulterior
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An orderly series of ulterior transactions that is repeated over time and results in bad feelings for both people involved are called what in Transactional Analysis?
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Games
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Prochaska and DiClemente's Transtheoretical Model of behavior change proposes that the change process involves what 5 stages of change?
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"Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance"
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"In this stage of change, the person does not exhibit the specified behavior and has not considered adopting the behavior."
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Pre-contemplation
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A person who is considering adopting a new behavior but has not dedicated any effort towards enacting or preparing to enact it is in what stage of change?
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Contemplation
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"A person starting to gather information on a new behavior, with a view toward enacting the behavior, characterizes the stage of change."
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Preparation
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"In this stage of change, a person beginsenacting a new behavior regularly, but has not continued doing so over a long period of time."
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Action
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"A person moves into the stage of changeonce a new behavior has beenregularly enacted for more than6 months, thus indicating theylikely adopted the behavior;people must continually exerteffort to maintain the behavior."
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Maintenance
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"By nature of novelty, a 6th stage of change has been added to the Transtheoretical Model that is relatively unknown. It is the stage of change and refers to when a new behavior becomes a part of a person's normal behavior."
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Transformation (or termination); there is some disagreement as to the possibility of ever making it to this stage
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"This therapeutic approach emphasizes the human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, and isolation and assumes people are not static but, rather, in a perpetual state of becoming."
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ExistentialTherapy
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"Of the 2 types of anxiety distinguished by existential therapists, anxiety is proportionate to its cause, does not require repression, and can be used as a catalyst to identify and confront the dilemma from which it arose;
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anxiety results from evasion of the latter and manifests itself as a loss of a subjective sense of free will and an inability to take responsibility for one's own life." Existential (normal); neurotic
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"What is one of the main goals of existential therapy, due to its ability to facilitate client change?"
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"To develop an intimate, authentic, egalitarian relationship with the client, which is referred to during therapy"
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"This model proposes that health behaviors are influenced by (1) the person's readiness to take a particular action, which is related to their perceived susceptibility to the illness and perceived severity of its consequences; (2) the person's evaluation of the benefits and costs of making a particular response; and (3) the internal and external ""cues to action"" that trigger the response."
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Health Belief Model
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The concept of the feedback loop through which a system receives information isattributable to .
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Cybernetics
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What was derived from the medical-psychiatric model and general systems theory and aims to improve thesocio-emotional functioning of a consultee's clients?
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Mental Health Consultation
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"A feedback loop reduces deviation and helps a system maintain its statusquo, while a feedback loop amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system."
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Negative;positive
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"This form of family therapy views maladaptive behavior as overly fixed or rigid patterns of action and reaction. The process of therapy involves hypothesizing, circularity, and neutrality and includes the use of circular questions and paradoxical techniques to foster understanding."
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Systemic Family Therapy (Milan)
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"This approach to family therapy emphasizes altering a family's structure (rigid triangles, power hierarchies) in order to change the behavior patterns of family members. The therapist joins the family system, evaluates the structure, then restructures the family using techniques such as enactment and reframing. The goal is behavior change, not insight."
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Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)
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"In Structural Family Therapy, these are the rules that determine the amount and type of contact allowed between family members that lead to enmeshment or disengagement."
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Boundaries
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"From the perspective ofStructural Family Therapy, occurs whenboundaries are overly unclearand promote dependence,whereas
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results fromoverly rigid boundaries thatpromote isolation." Enmeshment;disengagement
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"Structural Family Therapy posits that boundary problems could take the form of , where each parent expects the child to side with them during conflict, and
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, where parents reinforce bad behavior in their child and shift the focus off problems they are having with each other. When the child consistently sides with one parent, it is termed a ." Triangulation; detouring; (stable) coalition
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"The Structural Family Therapy technique of ""joining"" involves the therapist blending into thefamily by using(adopting their style andlanguage) and(identifying with the family'svalues and history)."
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Mimesis;tracking
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Practitioners of Structural Family Therapy create this based on observations of family transactional patterns.
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A family map
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What are the 3 restructuring techniques used by StructuralFamily Therapists?
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"Enactment (role play family relationships and interactions), reframing (family behavior relabeled more positively), and blocking (stop family from engaging in normal way of functioning)"
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"This term refers to the rule that governs the limits of behavior in a family and is associated with the concept of homeostasis- when homeostasis is upset in a family, negative feedback recalibrates the system and restores a comfortable balance."
|
Calibration
|
|
|
"What term refers to the tendency of heath professionals to attribute all behavioral, social, and emotional problems to mental retardation in people withsuch a diagnosis?"
|
Diagnostic overshadowing
|
|
|
"True or False: One's theoretical orientation, expertise, or experience is not related to diagnostic overshadowing?"
|
True- Research has also shown that diagnostic overshadowing applies to other diagnoses and situations as well
|
|
|
"Can utilizing memories retrieved through hypnosis, regardless of their accuracy, be therapeutically beneficial?"
|
"Yes, accordingto research"
|
|
|
"What approach to family therapy focuses both on intrapsychic and interpersonal causes of maladaptive behavior, involves interpreting transferences, resistances, and other factors in order to foster insight, and is not based on the systems model?"
|
Object-RelationsFamily Therapy
|
|
|
"The term has been used by Herek to define an ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes among non-heterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships, or community."
|
Heterosexism
|
|
|
"This therapy is a collaborative process of empirical investigation, reality testing, and problem solving between therapist and client where the client's maladaptive interpretations and conclusions are treated as testable hypotheses."
|
Cognitive Therapy (Beck)
|
|
|
What are the 3 levels of cognition Beck believed influenced the cause and maintenance of pathology?
|
"Automatic thoughts, schemas, and cognitive distortions"
|
|
|
"A cognitive therapist might ask a client to keep a journal of, which are thoughts that arise spontaneously in response to certain situations and are more a reflection of a client's appraisal of asituation rather than the actual situation itself."
|
Automatic thoughts
|
|
|
"These are internal models of the self and the world that develop over the course of experiencesbeginning early in life and can serve an adaptive function by allowing new information to be linked with old information, making for more efficient information processing."
|
Schemas (core beliefs; underlying assumptions)
|
|
|
"Beck identified systematic errors in reasoning that form the link between dysfunctional schemas and automatic thoughts, which he called
|
. It refers to the process of a person biasing or adapting newly processedinformation to fit a relevant schema." Cognitive distortions
|
|
|
"A client in therapy reports to his therapist that he is a bad employee and is likely to get fired; however, the therapist soon recognizes the client's negative conclusion cannot be supported by real evidence and, in fact, seems to go against the therapist's experience of the client as punctual, engaged, and hardworking. What cognitive distortion is this client most likely making?"
|
"Arbitrary inference, which occurs when specific conclusions are drawn with no evidence"
|
|
|
"In cognitive marital therapy, a wife reports her frustration with her husband for not taking out the trash, which she says is causing a lot of problems in their marriage. Her husband, however, complains that she fails to recognize other things he does to help. What cognitive distortion is most likely leading to the wife's frustration?"
|
"Selective abstraction, as she is focusing on a single detail that is taken out of context, at the expense of other information"
|
|
|
What term refers to therapeutic techniques that attempt to alter maladaptive thought patterns that are believed to be responsible for maladaptive behavior and emotional disorders?
|
Cognitive restructuring
|
|
|
"An elderly man who was mugged by a group of teenage boys develops a hatred for all adolescents, exemplifying this cognitive distortion."
|
Overgeneralization
|
|
|
"Regarding cognitive distortions, a person who describes a recent trauma as ""no big deal"" is likely
|
, while a person who becomes overly emotional after getting a small scratch in their car represents ." Minimizing;magnification
|
|
|
"This cognitive distortion is characterized by inappropriately attributingexternal events to oneself when no causal connection really exists (e.g., a therapist takes responsibility for her client being fired from work)."
|
Personalization
|
|
|
"The cognitive distortion of separating experiences into 2 extremes, such as all good and all bad, is called what?"
|
Dichotomous thinking
|
|
|
"In Cognitive Therapy, negative thoughts about the self, the future, and the world are referred to as what?"
|
The cognitive triad
|
|
|
"A person who presents with cognitions of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and failure is most likely experiencing symptoms of, while
|
is associated with thoughts of anticipated harm or danger." Depression;anxiety
|
|
|
Identify the following Cognitive Therapy techniques:
|
involves questioning a client's thoughts that occur in upsetting situations; involves helping clients develop strategies for dealing with feared consequences; involves consideringalternative causes of events; andinvolves restating a problem in terms that emphasize the client's control of it. Eliciting automatic thoughts; decatastrophizing; reattribution; redefining
|
|
|
"Identify the following behavioral techniques used in Cognitive Therapy:
|
involves the therapist assigning tasks to help the client between sessions; involves planning a client's daily activities; involves experimental tests of predictions that derive from the client's automatic thoughts; and , which are used to reduce strong emotions and negative thinking (e.g., exercise, work)." Homework; activity scheduling; hypothesis testing; diversion techniques
|
|
|
"Between Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, which one more heavily relies on behavioral techniques?"
|
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
|
|
|
What are the ABCs in Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy?
|
A = undesirable Activating event --> B = rational or irrational Beliefs about event --> C = emotional and behavioral Consequences based on beliefs
|
|
|
"According to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, absolute thinking, ""must-erbation,"" and ""I-can't-stand-it-itus"" influence the development of , which lead to maladaptive behavior."
|
Irrational beliefs
|
|
|
"A client's active participation in administering treatment to him or herself, such asself-monitoring stimulus control, self-reinforcement, and self-punishment, is called what?"
|
Self-control techniques
|
|
|
A client who practices might keep ajournal of a targetbehavior each time itoccurs to assist withbehavioral change.
|
Self-monitoring
|
|
|
"In order to increase or decrease a behavior, a therapist might recommend to modify an existing stimulus-response relationship, or create a new one. For example, a drug addict mightbe instructed to make new, non-addict friends."
|
Stimulus control
|
|
|
"This type of stimulus control involves restricting the target behavior to a limited set of stimuli (e.g., a smoker is told to smoke only when they are with a certain friend)."
|
Narrowing
|
|
|
"To increase a behavior, this type of stimulus control, which involves linking a behavior to a specific cue or set of cues, might be recommended (e.g., a student with poor grades is told to study in the same location so that later, that location triggers study behavior)."
|
Cue strengthening
|
|
|
"This stimulus control technique involves either identifying or eliminating responses that block desirable behaviors, or encouraging responses that block undesirable behaviors (e.g., a client who is not finishing their work is asked to give responses that interfere with work, such as socializing; this would then betargeted for elimination)."
|
Competing responses
|
|
|
When is stimulus control most effective?
|
When deployed at thebeginning of a response chain
|
|
|
Stress Inoculation Training (Meichenbaum) involves a 3-step process. In the stage the client is educated as to how their faulty cognitions prevent adaptive coping; the stage involves learning and rehearsing new skills and new ways of perceiving and thinking about stressful situations; the stage entails applying what the client has learned.
|
Cognitive preparation (education); skills acquisition; practice
|
|
|
This is defined as a state of relaxed wakefulness with a relative suspension of peripheral awareness.
|
Hypnosis
|
|
|
What are the 3 factors involved in Hypnosis?
|
"Absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility"
|
|
|
A form of psychotherapy used to help clients retrieve feelings and memories that have not been accessible by other methods is called what?
|
Hypnotherapy
|
|
|
People presenting to therapy withtend to be more hypnotizable than the general public.
|
Phobias
|
|
|
In what types of situations is the use of hypnosis contraindicated?
|
"When treating clients with psychosis, paranoia, orobsessive-compulsive personality traits"
|
|
|
"This approach has been used to treat psychophysiological disorders (e.g., migraines, hypertension) and evidence has shown that it is the preferred treatment for fecal incontinence and Raynaud's disease."
|
Biofeedback
|
|
|
What are 2 of the most commonly used types of biofeedback?
|
Electromyograph (EMG) and skin temperature
|
|
|
"A therapist who instructs a client to do, or wish for, the very things they fear (""prescribing thesymptom"") is utilizing theCBT technique of ."
|
Paradoxical intention
|
|
|
"Paradoxical intention serves the function of circumventing, which is viewed as the main cause of the problem."
|
Anticipatory anxiety
|
|
|
What malady is paradoxical intention most commonly used to treat?
|
Insomnia
|
|
|
"This is a technique that utilizes visualization for the purpose of identifying automatic thoughts, increasing self-control, assisting with distraction, and visualizing desired life outcomes."
|
Guided imagery
|
|
|
What are the 4 primary goals of crisis intervention?
|
"Immediate symptom reduction, strengthening of coping mechanisms, restoration to the previous level of functioning, and prevention of further problems"
|
|
|
"The following are assumptions when working in a/an setting: (1) People are basically strong and resilient; (2) problems reflect need for support, not underlying pathology; (3) present and future are more important than past; (4) therapist promotes coping, not permanent cure; (5) assessment is an on-going process, not symptom-oriented mental status exam; (6) small interventions lead to big systemic changes; (7) goal is quick elimination of symptoms and distress"
|
Crisis intervention
|
|
|
"The 3 stages of crisis intervention are: , which involves identifying thecrisis and the client's reactions to it; , which involves assessing theclient's life prior to the crisis, settingspecific short-term goals, and usingtechniques to achieve these goals; and , at which point progress isassessed and post-intervention optionsare discussed."
|
Formulation; implementation; termination
|
|
|
What are the 3 primary goals of brief psychotherapy?
|
"Quick reduction of the client's most severe symptoms, restoration of the client to prior emotional equilibrium, and development of understanding and skills to facilitate better future coping"
|
|
|
"Who is better suited for brief psychotherapy, aman who has experienced chronic depression most of his life or a woman who is experiencing depression following a recent divorce?"
|
"The divorced woman, as brief therapy is best suited for clients with acute symptoms, who were previously well-adjusted, are highly motivated, and who relate well with others"
|
|
|
Central to this brief approach to therapy is the belief that clients should choose the problems and goals to be worked on in therapy and that clientspossess the necessary resources to achieve their goals.
|
Solution-FocusedTherapy
|
|
|
"Solution-focused techniques include , which is when the therapist asks about a time when the problem did not exist, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy; , or prescribing change; , where a client is asked to visualize that their problem is solved, then asked how they would know and what would be different; , which are suggestions for unlocking solutions while avoiding the presenting problem, and , which are conversations between therapist and client that have a beginning, middle, and end, and an overall plot."
|
Exception question; formula tasks; miracle question; skeleton keys; narratives and language games
|
|
|
"In test development,refers to a process of retainingitems that best differentiatebetween large numbers of people indifference populations. Forexample, the MMPI-2 distinguishedbetween psychiatric andnon-psychiatric groups."
|
Empirical criterion keying
|
|
|
"On the MMPI-2, aT-score of or over is consideredsignificant andclinically interpretable."
|
"65 (1.5 standard deviationsabove the mean,50)"
|
|
|
"MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (1) measures abnormal preoccupation with somatic functioning; (2) one's experience of hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness; (3) physical symptoms with a functional origin (e.g., conversionreaction); (4) measures social ineptness (e.g., antisocial); (5) measures opposite sex interests."
|
Hypochondriasis; Depression; Hysteria; Psychopathic Deviate; Masculinity/Femininity
|
|
|
"MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (6) measures vigilance andsuspiciousness; (7) measuresnon-hysteria neurotic manifestations(e.g., phobias); (8)
|
picks upthought disorder or bizarre actions; (9) measures mania andconcentration problems; and (10) measuresintroversion/extraversion." Paranoia; Psychasthenia; Schizophrenia; Hypomania; Social Introversion
|
|
|
"MMPI-2 Validity Scale Descriptions: is the total number of unanswered questions; elevations on the scale suggest a portrayal of oneself in the most favorable light (faking good); the scale indicates deviance and and attempt to ""look bad,"" eitherintentionally or characteristically;indicates defensiveness and guardedness; and , , and measure response consistency."
|
"?; L (Lie); F (Infrequency); K (Correction); TRIN (True response consistency), VRIN (Variable response consistency), FB (Back side consistency)"
|
|
|
"A psychologists administers the MMPI-2 to a client and, rather than interpreting elevated scales in isolation, compares scores on several scales, which is referred to as?"
|
Pattern analysis
|
|
|
"What personality test has21 scales that correspondto DSM diagnosticcategories and, as such, isbest suited for clinicalpopulations?"
|
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III)
|
|
|
"This self-report inventory assesses anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, and hostility, and is usually used asa dependent measure in outcome research."
|
Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90)
|
|
|
"After administering the Rorschach inkblot test, what ""system"" is one most likely to use to score it?"
|
Exner's Comprehensive System
|
|
|
What projective test relies on stories provided by the client in response to a given set of pictures?
|
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
|
|
|
"Regarding projective tests, what is the ""projective hypothesis?"""
|
Responses to vague or ambiguous stimuli reveal underlying cognitive and personality processes
|
|
|
"What test measures a person's personal interests, which are then compared to norms derived from others who have experienced satisfaction and success in various occupations?"
|
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)
|
|
|
"While interests tests such as the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory can validly predict factors relating to job interest, choice, and motivation, what factor are they not good at predicting?"
|
Job performance/success
|
|
|
"This test yields an indication of interest in 10 broad areas, and differs from theStrong-Campbell Interest Inventory in that it is based on content validity rather than empirical criterion keying."
|
Kuder Vocational Preference Record (KVP-R)
|
|
|
"Some neuropsychological test batteries include the (consists of separate measures of lateral dominance, psychomotor functions, sensory-perceptual functions, speech/language, visual-spatial skills, abstract reasoning, mental flexibility, and attention/concentration) and the (consists of 269 items organized into11 different scales designed to measure specific functions)."
|
Halstead-Reitan; Luria-Nebraska Battery
|
|
|
"What test, consisting of 9 designs that a client is asked to reproduce on blank paper, might be used to screen for brain damage and to indicate the possibility of psychiatric disorders?"
|
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
|
|
|
What is usually used to screen for dementia in elderly individuals?
|
Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE)
|
|
|
"This test is for children 2 to 10 y/o and assesses channels (auditory-vocal, visual-motor), processes (understanding, organizing, expressing), and levels (representational, automatic)."
|
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA)
|
|
|
"During this test, which is helpful in screening for frontal lobe damage, a person is presented with a list of words of colors (blue, green, red) that are printed in ink of a different color (e.g., ""red"" is printed in blue ink), then asked to name the ink color as quickly as possible."
|
Stroop Color-Word Test
|
|
|
Howard et al. suggested a Phase Model of Psychotherapy Effectiveness that states the effects of psychotherapy occur in stages related to the number of sessions attended. What are these stages?
|
"Remoralization (first few sessions), remediation (requires about 16 sessions), and rehabilitation (beyond16 sessions)"
|
|
|
"According to research, what is the difference between patients who show a measurable improvement at26 sessions and those who have attended 52 sessions?"
|
"Howard et al. found that75% improved by 26sessions and only 85% by52 sessions, so theanswer is 10%. This isreferred to as a ""dosedependent effect."""
|
|
|
"Researchers Smith, Glass, and Miller produced research that contradicted previous findings by Eysenck. What were the results of theirmeta-analysis?"
|
"They found a .85 effect size, indicating the typical client is better off than 80% of controls and 66% of treated individuals, compared to 34% of controls, show improvement from psychotherapy"
|
|
|
"Numerous studies on outcome of psychotherapy, including Smith et al.'s research, have concluded that what type of therapy produces the strongest effects?"
|
"No therapy is better than another, which contradicts Eysenck's earlier findings that behavior therapy was superior"
|
|
|
"When compared to people receiving no treatment, placebo control groups show improvement; however, when compared to groups that are receiving treatments, placebocontrol groups show improvement."
|
More;less
|
|
|
"Of client traits and therapist traits, which ones are believed to be better predictors of therapy outcome?"
|
Client traits
|
|
|
What has been found regarding therapy outcome and client level of motivation?
|
Development of motivation during therapy is more important that motivation to change at beginning of therapy
|
|
|
Some studies have suggest that is the single most important characteristic of a therapist.
|
Competence
|
|
|
What has been found to account for most of the variance in treatment outcome and to be more important than the specific treatment intervention?
|
Therapeutic (working) alliance
|
|
|
"In a meta-analysis regarding treatment of children and adolescents, what sex did Weisz et al. find responded better, particularly during adolescence?"
|
Females
|
|
|
"The
|
approach to understanding and describing cultures involves viewing the culture from the perspective of itsmembers, while theapproach is culture-general andassumes that universal principlescan be applied to all cultures." Emic;etic
|
|
|
"According to Berry, a person's level of acculturation can be described by one of what four terms?"
|
"Integration, assimilation, separation, or marginalization"
|
|
|
Berry referred to this term to describe the retention of one's identity with their home culture while simultaneouslymaintaining characteristics of the new culture.
|
Integration
|
|
|
"When a person retains very little of their original cultural identity whilehighly maintaining aspects of the new culture, Berry says they are ."
|
Assimilated
|
|
|
"This term, according to Berry, describes a person's desire to retain their original culture while rejecting the dominant culture."
|
Separation
|
|
|
"Berry states that people who retain very little of the old and new culture, wanting nothing to do with either, experience ."
|
Marginalization
|
|
|
"Research on therapist-client matching in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture has shown what?"
|
"While it increases the duration of treatment, it does not have consistent effects on other therapy outcomes"
|
|
|
"The distinguishes between 5 stages that people experience as they attempt to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, the dominant culture, and the oppressive relationship between the two cultures."
|
Minority Identity Development Model
|
|
|
"In the stage of minority development, a person prefers the dominant cultural values; the stage is marked by confusion and conflict, and the person begins to challenge the values of the previous stage; in the stage, a person rejects the dominant culture and wholly endorses minority held views; thestage is characterized by conflict between autonomy and constraints of the last stage; and in the
|
stage, the personexperiences self-fulfillment and individual autonomy." Conformity; dissonance; resistance and immersion; introspection; synergistic articulation and awareness
|
|
|
What are the 4 stages of Troiden's Homosexual Identity DevelopmentModel?
|
"Sensitization, identity confusion, identity assumption, and identity commitment"
|
|
|
"According to the Homosexual Identity Development Model, this stage is characterized by feelings of marginalization, a concern with gender identification over sexuality, and the internalization of a negative self-concept."
|
Sensitization
|
|
|
"The stage of homosexual identity development, Troiden contends, is marked by the youthful experience of conflict between the identity one developed as a child and that which is demanded as an adolescent. During this stage,stress can be dealt with via denial, avoidance, repair, or acceptance."
|
Identity confusion
|
|
|
"When a homosexual person experiences a reduction in social isolation and an increase in contact with other homosexuals, Troiden would say they are in the stage of homosexual identity development, during which capitualization, minstralization, passing, and group alignment are used as coping techniques."
|
Identity assumption
|
|
|
"This final stage of homosexual identity development involves the integration of homosexuality to the extent that it becomes a state or way of being, rather than a description of sexual behavior. People in this stage usually accomplish same-sex love commitment and are comfortable identifying oneself as gay, lesbian, or bisexual to non-homosexual individuals."
|
Commitment
|
|
|
McLaughlin has distinguished between what 8 stages of homosexuality identity formation?
|
"Isolation, alienation, rejection of self, passing as straight, consolidating self identity, acculturation, integrating self and public identity, and pride and synthesis"
|
|
|
"Herek argues that is a more precise term than homophobia and describes itas ""all negative attitudes toward an individual based on sexual orientation,"" regardless of sexuality."
|
Sexual prejudice
|
|
|
True or false: Hispanic clients prefer a more attentive and personal approach to therapy?
|
True
|
|
|
"Ruiz and Padilla suggest therapy with Hispanic clients should be and , and should consider the importance of family in therapy."
|
Active; goal oriented
|
|
|
"Regarding treatment of Latino/a and Hispanic people, Cuento therapy includes what in the treatment process?"
|
"Reading ""cuentos,"" or Spanishfolk-tales, and discussing them"
|
|
|
"When working with Native-American clients, therapists should take anon-directive, history oriented, accepting, and cooperative approach, as well as consider utilizing what else?"
|
"Elder tribe members, medicine people, legends, and other culturally significant aspects"
|
|
|
"As a result of this ethnic group's tendency to be reserved and inhibited, it is best to use an approach that is direct, structured, and short-term."
|
Asian-American
|
|
|
It has been suggested that treatment for this group should include guiding the person through identity stages and encouraging satisfying relationshipsand activities.
|
Elderly clients
|
|
|
"In what approach to therapy would an elderly client be encouraged to accept past successes and shortcomings, resolve past conflicts, and develop future goals to enhance life meaning via aprocess of reviewing one's life?"
|
ReminiscenceTherapy
|
|
|
"A therapist who interprets everyone's reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes, minimizes cultural variations among clients, is unaware of their own cultural biases, and defines counseling in terms of dogmatically-accepted techniques and strategies is said to be what?"
|
Culturally encapsulated
|
|
|
This term refers to the process of change that occurs when one culture assimilates with another culture.
|
Acculturation
|
|
|
"African-, Asian-, Hispanic-, and Native-Americans exhibit communication, which relies on shared cultural understanding and nonverbal cues. In contrast, Anglosare more likely to exhibit communication, which relies primarily on verbal messages."
|
High-context;low-context
|
|
|
What occurs when a therapist assumes that all of a client's problems are directly related to the client's culture as opposed to other factors?
|
Cultural overgeneralization (Hall)
|
|
|
This model was developed by Helms to provide a conceptual framework for understanding and resolving interracial tensions in cross-cultural psychotherapy.
|
Racial Interaction Model
|
|
|
"What are the 6 statuses (stages) that emerge in sequence and reflect abandonment of racism, according to the White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms)?"
|
"Contact, disintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion-emersion, autonomy, and reintegration"
|
|
|
"According to the White Racial Identity Development Model, people at this status of identitydevelopment usually have limited contact with people of color, are oblivious to their own whiteness, and are unaware of the implications of racial differences."
|
Contact
|
|
|
"In the status of the White Racial Identity Development Model, Whites experience increasing awareness of their whiteness and of racial inequalities due to increased cross-racial interactions, leading to emotional, psychological, and moral confusion."
|
Disintegration
|
|
|
"Whites resolving their conflicts by adopting the position that their race is superior and minorities inferior,all in an attempt to justify existing inequalities, characterize the status of the WhiteRacial Identity Development Model."
|
Reintegration
|
|
|
"According to the White Racial Identity Development Model, what status is marked by dissatisfaction with reintegration, leading Whites to re-examine their beliefs about race and racial inequalities?"
|
Pseudo-Independence
|
|
|
"Whites at the status of the White Racial Identity Development Model embrace their whiteness without rejecting minority group members, and they explore feeling proud about their own race without being racist."
|
Immersion-Emersion
|
|
|
"This status of the White Racial Identity Development Model is marked by the internalization of a non-racist White identity based on an accurate understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of White culture, as well as valuing and seeking cross-racial relationships."
|
Autonomy
|
|
|
"What model assumes that African-American identity development becomes more authentic as they go through the following 5 stages: pre-encounter, encounter, immersion/emersion, internalization, and internalization/commitment?"
|
"The Model of Psychological Nigrescence (Cross)- nigrescence means ""the process of becoming black"""
|
|
|
"During this stage of the Model of Psychological Nigrescence, a person is most likely to believe integration and assimilation will solve racial problems and tend to blame African-Americans themselves for their own problems."
|
Pre-encounter
|
|
|
"The stage of the Model of Psychological Nigrescence is marked by a personal or social event that temporarily dislodges the person from their worldview,making them more receptive to a new interpretation of their identity."
|
Encounter
|
|
|
"When a person denigrates White people and culture while simultaneously deifyingAfrican-America people and culture, they are most likely in what stage, according to the Model of Psychological Nigrescence?"
|
Immersion-Emersion
|
|
|
"This stage of the Model of Psychological Nigrescence is characterized by ideological flexibility, psychological openness, and self-confidence, and involves a resolution of conflicts between old and new worldviews."
|
Internalization
|
|
|
"According to the Model of Psychological Nigrescence, a person who translates their newly internalized identity into activities that are meaningful to the group, such as social and political activism, is in what stage?"
|
Internalization-Commitment
|
|
|
"This term is used to describe appropriate mistrust and suspiciousness ofAfrican-Americans and other minorities toward whites resulting from racism and oppression. In therapy, it may be a cause of nondisclosure."
|
Healthy cultural paranoia
|
|
|
"If a white therapist suspects their African-American client's unwillingness to disclose is due to ""healthy cultural paranoia,"" what should the therapist do, according to Ridely?"
|
Help the client become consciously aware of their feelings about whites and identify when it is safe to self-disclose
|
|
|
"According to Boyd-Franklin, respond best to a multisystems approach that addresses multiple systems (e.g., extended family, non-blood kin, church, community resources), intervenes at multiple levels, and empowers the family by directly incorporating its strengths into the intervention."
|
African-American families
|
|
|
"Research has shown that the most successful therapy for African-Americans is and , and that they tend to be more non-verbal, emotional, and concrete."
|
Problem-oriented;time-limited
|
|
|
Alloplastic
|
trying to change or blame the external environment
|
|
|
Autoplastic
|
trying to change oneself or blaming oneself
|
|
|
Big five personality traits
|
Openness to experience, conscientiouness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
|
|
|
Confluence
|
lack of differentiation between self and others to avoid conflict
|
|
|
Cybernetics
|
circular nature of feedback loops (positive & negative)
|
|
|
Deflection
|
distance self from emotions
|
|
|
detouring
|
parents express distress through one child - identified patient
|
|
|
differential learning
|
combines extinction and positive reinforcement
|
|
|
Displacement
|
transference of emotions to substitute or symbolic representation
|
|
|
Double bind
|
three element maladaptive communication
|
|
|
Electroencephalography (EEG)
|
measures brain waves
|
|
|
Electromyography (EMG)
|
measures surface muscle tension
|
|
|
emotional triangle
|
closeness of two members tends to exclude a third
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enactment
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simulation of the transaction of a family structure in attempt to change it
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equifinality
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different causes can produce same results
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equipotentiality
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single cause may produce different results
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expressive abuse
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results from difficulty managing emotions
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Framo
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family-of-origin session; meeting partner's FOO
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Freud's psychosexual stages
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oral(1), anal(1-3), phallic(3-6), latency(6-12), genital(12-18)
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Galvanic skin response (GSR)
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also called electrodermal response (EDR); measures sweat
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General systems theory
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system is interaction of component parts, seeks homeostasis
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Implosive therapy
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flooding conducted in imagination
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instrumental abuse
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use violence to control
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Introjection
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(gestalt) acceptance of others' beliefs and standards without analyzing, assimilating and internalizing them
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Kirkpatrick's training evaluation model
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4 levels: 1) Reaction, learner's reations or attitudes toward the learning experience 2) Learning, what the participants in the training program learned 3) Behavior, transfer of training to change on-the-job behavior (OJB) 4) Results, outcomes from the training program that affect the performance of the organization
(Johnson & Dick, pg. 100) |
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magnification/minimization
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magnify problems, minimize positive qualities
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Marital schism
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discord and disequilibrium, threats of separation
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Marital skew
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skewed toward meeting one's needs and sacrificing the others'
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mimesis
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imitation, representation
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Primary process
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include dreams and hallucination
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Protocol analysis
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gain access to people's problems solving strategies
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reaction formation
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engaging in behaviors opposite of id's real urges
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Rehm's self-control model of depression
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reinforcement can be self-generated rather than derived from external sources
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Retroflection
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do to self what they would like to do to others
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Secondary process
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includes thinking and speaking
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Sensate focus
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uses pleasure as counterconditioning response to anxiety (no sex)
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Social exchange theory
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behaviors in relationships maintained by ratio of costs & benefits
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Stable Coalition
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one parent unite with the child against other person
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Stress inoculation training
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low dose of stress to build available coping skills
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Sublimation
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finding socially acceptable ways to discharge energy
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thermal biofeedback
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measures peripheral skin temperature
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Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change
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Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
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Triangulation
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child caught in middle of parent's conflict and pressure to side
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