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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a traumatic brain injury?
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External forces acting on brain tissue
Classified based on severity, mechanism or other features Rapid acceleration/deceleration/rotational Impact Blast waves Penetrations |
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What are the clinical classification of cranial trauma?
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Linear skull fractures - crack
depressed skull fractures - indent Brain injuries = focal or diffuse |
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What is a closed traumatic brain injury?
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Non penetrating or blunt
Injury occurs when the brain is not exposed |
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What is a penetrating brain injury?
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Open head injury
An object pierces skull and breaches dura mater |
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What is a focal injury?
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Localized to the area of the brain under the site of impact on the skull
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What is a diffuse injury?
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Involves multiple brain regions
Acceleration, deceleration, rotational forces |
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What causes focal traumatic brain injury
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Hematoma, edema, contusion, laceration or combination of 4
Severe blow to head may result in brain damage in opposite side of impact (COUP-CONTRECOUP INJURY) |
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What is a coup-contrecoup injury?
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Brain damage on opposite side of impact as well as impact site
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What is a concussion?
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Most common type of traumatic brain injury
AKA mild traumatic brain injury Disturbance in brain function caused by a direct or indirect force to the head Shear stress to brain tissue caused by rotational or angular forces Complex pathophysiologicic process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces\ No abnormality on standard structural neuroimaging studies |
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What can cause concussion?
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Direct blow to head, face, neck or elsewhere on body with impulsive force transmitted to head
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What is a diffuse axonal injury?
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Acceleration, deceleration, and rotational forces cause this
Characterized by widespread shearing and retraction of damaged axons Axonal changes eventually lead to seperation from soma Involves corpus collosum, basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum |
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What is the glasgow coma score?
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Used to determine severity of traumatic brain injury
Mild 13 or above moderate 9-12 Severe is 8 or below |
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What are the consequences of a traumatic brain injury?
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Impact of brain on skull can cause
brain bruising, edema, bruising and edema most likely to occur/be more severe in cortical grey (vs white) due to higher density of blood vessels Significant concern is pressure in a closed head injury |
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What is intracranial pressure?
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Rigid skull surrounds brain has brain fluid
Swelling of brain fluid dynamics increase pressure May result in hematomas Increased intracranial pressure may cause secondary cell death |
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What are traumatic brain injury symptoms
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HEADACHE, physical cognitive, social and emotional consequences
Can fully recover or death Depends on type of traumatic brain injury (focal vs diffuse) Part of brain affected and severity Confusion, dizziness, mood changes, amnesia, black out, memory or concentration problems for MILD |
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What are moderate to severe traumatic brain injury signs and symptoms
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Persistent headache, vomitting, seizure, inability to awaken from sleep, slurred speech, weakness in extremities, profound confusion
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What is axon shear?
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Trauma causes axons to twist and tear, resuts in permanent death to brain cell
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