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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the leading cause of death from traumatic injury?
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Head injuries.
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What are some associated factors to trauma?
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Alcohol, gender, age, and race.
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What is the leading cause of injury for children and those over 65 years of age?
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Falls.
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What is the leading cause of injury to teenagers and young adults?
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Motor vehicle injuries.
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What are two ways to prevent motor vehicle injuries?
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Seatbelts and airbags.
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What type of injury is most expensive for patients?
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Trauma to a pedestrian.
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What are two ways to prevent injuries to pedestrians?
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Education and cross walks.
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What are two ways to prevent poisoning?
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Childproof covers and keep poisons out of reach.
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What is an injury that involves kinetic energy?
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The result of mechanical energy loaded onto the victim and the body's resonse to that injury.
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What is a stab wound?
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Tissue injury related to the length, velocity and angle of the instrument.
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What is a gunshot wound?
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Tissue damage related to projectile, mass, shape and fragmentation.
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What is a predictable injury for an auto vs. pedestrian injury?
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Fracture of femur, tibia, fibula, pelvic fracture.
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What is the predictable injury for an automobile injury?
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Pelvic fractures.
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In trauma, what can lead to fluid volume deficit?
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Hemorrhage, fluid shifts, alteration in capillary permability, alteration in vascular tone, and myocardial compromise.
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In trauma, what causes cardiac output to decrease?
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Decreased venous return secondary to blood loss or peripheral vasodilation.
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In trauma, what causes hypothermia?
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Rapid infusion of IV fluids, decreased tissue perfusion, and exposure.
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In trauma, what causes pain?
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Soft tissue injury and edema, fractures, pleural irritation, stimulation of nerve fibers, and invasive procedures.
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What are some predictable injuries for an unrestrained automobile driver in an auto crash?
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Head, chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
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What is a predictable injury for a back seat passenger in an auto crash?
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Hyperextension of the neck.
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What are some predictable injuries for a fall?
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Compression fractures of lower spine and calcaneous fracture.
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What is the nurses role in trauma?
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*Rapid assessment
*Life-saving measures *Monitoring response *Communication *Advocate for patient *Documentation |
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What is part of the initial assessment for trauma?
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Airway, breathing, circulation, and disability.
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What are some airway interventions for trauma?
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Jaw thrust/chin lift positioning, clear airway secreations, stabilize the spine, and intubate if necessary.
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What are some breathing interventions for trauma?
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High flow 02, positive-pressure ventilation, intubation, and ABG's.
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What are some circulation interventions for trauma?
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Prevent/treat shock, control visible bleeding, IV fluids, and ECG monitoring.
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How do you assess neuro in trauma?
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Glasgow Coma Scale and pupillary response to light.
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What are some neurologic interventions for trauma?
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Nalaxone, Thiamine, 50% dextrose water, and insert NG/foley.
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What is looked for in a brief systemic assessment during trauma?
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Exposure, fahrenheit, vital signs, comfort, history, and do an inspection.
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How do you expose the body in trauma?
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Cut off clothing.
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What do you do for fahrenheit in trauma?
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Keep the patient warm and prevent hypothermia.
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What is included in the ongoing assessment in trauma?
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Airway patency, effectiveness of breating, sat, LOC, skin temp and color, pulse rate and quality, BP, and urine output.
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What might an ineffective airway clearance be related to?
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Edema to airway, irritation of respiratory tract, laryngeal spasm, alt. LOC secondary to hypoxia, and pain.
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What might pain be ralated to in trauma?
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Soft tissue injury and edema, fractures, pleural irritation, stimulation of nerve fibers, and invasive procedures.
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Define shock.
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Failure to sustain adequate perfusion and deliver adequate amounts of oxygen to the tissues.
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What is another name for shock?
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Cardiovascular collapse.
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What are the s/s of shock?
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Weak, thready pulse, restlessness, tachypnea, tachycardia, and decreased urine output.
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What is the most common type of shock?
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Hypovolemic.
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What is hypovolemic shock?
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Decreaced circulating volume.
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In what instances would you see hypovolemic shock?
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Chest, abdomen, and bone injuries.
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What is obstructive shock?
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Obstruction of great veins.
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In what instances might you see obstructive shock?
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Cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, and hemothorax.
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What is cardiogenic shock?
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Alteration in cardiac output. Ineffective perfusion caused by inadequate contractility of cardiac muscle.
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In what instances might you see cardiogenic shock?
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Acute MI, cardiac tamponade, and cardiac myopathies.
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What is distributive shock?
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Alteration in peripheral vascular resistance from neurogenic shock, septic shock, and anaphylaxis.
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In what instances might you see distributive shock?
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In spinal cord injuries.
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What does CSF lead to?
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Entrance of bacteria = meningitis or encephhalitis.
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What is required with a scalp laceration?
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Direct pressure.
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What is a concussion?
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A reversible neurological deficiency associated with temporary LOC.
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What is a contusion?
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Brain tissue is bruised and damaged in local area.
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What is an epidural hematoma?
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Blood between the skull and dura.
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What is a subdural hematoma?
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Slow, insidious onset that is usually venous.
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What is an intracranial hematoma?
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A collection of >5ml of blood within the brain tissue.
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In trauma, what are the risks related to aspiration?
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Reduced LOC, impaired cough and gag, structural defect to head, face, and/or neck, and secreation and debris in airway.
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What is the result of a complete spinal injury?
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Nerve damage obstructs every signal from brain to body parts below the injury.
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What is the result of an incomplete spinal injury?
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Some residual motor and sensory function remains below level of injury.
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What is the most common trauma?
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Blunt chest trauma.
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What is the most common type of chest trauma?
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Rib fractures.
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What can a rib fracture damage?
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The pleura and lungs and may also injur the spleen and liver.
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What is the usual cause for a sternal fracture?
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A steering wheel.
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What causes a flail chest?
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Multiple rib fractures.
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What is a sign of flail chest?
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Paradoxical chest movement, sucks in on inspiration and sucks out on expiration.
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What is a pneumothorax?
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Complete or partial collapse of lung resulting in air accumulation in pleural space.
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Is a tension pneumothorax a medical emergency?
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Yes.
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What is hemothorax?
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Accumulation of blood intrapleural space.
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What causes pulmonary contusion?
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Direct impact.
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What is the most common site of injury for a cardiac contusion?
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Anterior wall of the right ventricle.
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What is pericardial tamponade?
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Collection of blood in pericardial sac.
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What is the key sign of pericardial tamponade?
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Muffled heart sounds.
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Is a ruptured diaphragm life threatening?
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Yes.
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What is a result of a ruptured diaphragm?
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Herniation of abdominal contents into thorax leading to respiratory compromise.
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What can lead to impaired gas exchange?
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Ineffective breathing pattern secondary to injury, ineffective airway clearance, aspiration, and shock.
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What is ranked as third cause for traumatic death?
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Abdominal injuries.
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What organs are most commonly injured in an abdominal injury?
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The liver and spleen.
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When would a ruptured spleen be suspected?
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A left lower rib fracture.
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What is the result of a ruptured spleen?
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Massive blood loss.
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When would a renal crushing injury be suspected?
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A fractured posterior ribs or lumbar vertebrae.
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What is a ruptured bladder most commonly associated with?
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A pelvic fracture.
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What is the goal of disaster triage?
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Do the greatest good for the greatest number of patients with efficient use of resources.
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What is the triage coding system for dead or dying?
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0/black.
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What is the triage code for critical?
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1/red.
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What is the triage code for serious?
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II/ yellow.
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What is the triage code for emergency, transport not necessary?
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III/green.
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What is the most important priority prior to the arrival of the contaminated patient?
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Identification of the specific hazardous material and determination of appropriate treatment.
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What is the most feared environmental hazard?
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Radiation.
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Is there risk to EMS personnel being exposed to someone exposed to radiation?
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No.
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