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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1916 and The Federal Highway Act of 1921 |
Provided the basis for the federal highway program, roads were previously mostly local government concern. 1916 law required each state to create a DOT. Both laws gave states the initiative in constructing roads but gave federal government "review-and-approve" role when federal funds were involved. |
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The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1934 |
Provision of this law said that states may use up to 1.5% of highway project's federal construction funds for planning. |
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The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 |
Constituted the nation's largest public works project ever undertaken at the time. Extended the nation's planned road system to 41,000 miles, launched the Interstate Highway System, and established the federal Highway Trust Fund to pay for the system's construction. |
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The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962 |
Provision of this law required states to use 1.5% of a highway project's federal construction funds for planning in urbanized areas of over 50,000 people. The law fostered regional planning in urbanized areas of over 50,000 people by requiring the use of the 3-C's (comprehensive, coordinated, and continuing) transportation planning process. |
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3 C's (comprehensive, coordinated, and continuing)
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1. The region's current travel and system conditions are inventoried. 2. Demographic, economic, and land use projections are performed. 3. The region's future travel demands are estimated by using the 'sketch planning' method. |
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Sketch Planning Method |
Trip Generation: The number of trips that will be generated by each current and future land use is estimated. Trip Distribution: The destinations of the trips are estimated usually using gravity models. Modal Split: The mode that each of of the above trips will use usually using probit or logit models. |
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Supply Analysis |
Alternative means of meeting the region's future travel demands evaluated by studying the costs and benefits of each of various groups. |
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Traffic Assignment |
"User equilibrium". Assigns an actual route to each trip estimated, used to evaluate relative efficiency of each alternative. Both existing and proposed infrastructure (supply) are addressed, as are financing alternatives. |
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The Federal Highway Act of 1973 |
Along with new environmental and social issue concerns, Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), Transportation Improvement Program (TIP), and Transportation System Management (TSM) were created. |
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Metropolitan Planning Organizations |
Policy bodies for transportation planning in metropolitan areas. |
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Transportation Improvement Programs |
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) |
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Transportation System Management (TSM) |
Attempts to match an area's travel demands to its transportation infrastructure (supply) by extracting more efficiency and effectiveness from existing highway and transit systems. Measures include HOV lanes, park an ride facilities, and metered lights on freeway ramps. |
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Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) - Function 1 |
Required MPOs and DOTs to create an ongoing series of 3-year TIPs. Each TIP was to (1) establish priorities among local projects using federal and other funds, and (2) identify funding sources for each involved project. TIPs were to be financially constrained, intended to squelch questionable highway spending. |
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Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) - Function 2 |
Required MPOs and DOTs to create 20-year "Long Range Plan" upon which TIPs were to be based. Intended to shift balance of power in deciding how federal highway funds would be spent from USDOT to MPOs and DOTs. |
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Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 - Function 3 |
Required more public input that the previous federal highway funding system had provided. |
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Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 |
Required USDOT to restrict transportation funds to non-attainment air quality control regions. TIPs were required to include measures to reduce automobile emissions. $6 billion authorized for congestion mitigation and air quality projects via Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program (CMAQ) which funded projects for HOV lanes, ridesharing, and transportation improvements. |
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Surface Transportation Program (STP) |
Created under ISTEA, provided $24 billion in 'flexible funds' for development of highway alternatives (transit, bikeways, and zoning changes stratigically increasing densities). 10% of these funds had to be used for safety improvements and 10% had to be used for aesthetic enhancements. |
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Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) |
Continuation of ISTEA policies. TIPs are regional. Reduced mandatory planning factors to be considered for a TIP. Earmarked projects. Continued CMAQ program. Established the "Transportation and Community and System Preservation Pilot Program" (TCSP) linking transportation infrastructure to land use patterns. "Access to Jobs Program". 54% decrease in funding for new highway construction. |
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First Subway System |
Boston, 1897. |
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Inefficiency of Transportation Modes
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Peak hours make them inefficient. Remedied by reducing and redirecting peak demands, expanding capacities (via transit, TSM or new construction) and/or increasing vehicle occupancy rates. |
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Average vehicle occupancy rate in US |
1.4 persons. Rate usually goes down during rush hours. Raising this rate to two persons per vehicle would reduce congestion more than tripling it's transit use. |
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Paratransit |
Includes private/public carpooling and subscription bus/taxi services. |
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Level of Service (LOS) |
'Letter Grade' assigned to numerical ratio of volume over capacity. LOS A = Free Flow; LOS C = Stable Flow; LOS D = Unstable Flow with Long Delays; LOS E = Link Nearing Capacity; and LOS F = Link is Over Capacity. |
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Sample Trip Generation Rates
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SFR = 9.1 to 10.2 trips per day Duplex = 7 trips per day Apartment = 6 trips per day Manufactured Housing Unit = 5.5 trips per day. |
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Sample Parking Space Requirements |
Residence = 0.2-2 spaces per 1,000 sq. ft. GFA Shopping Center = 1-5 spaces per 1,000 sq. ft. GFA Office = 0.5-3 spaces per 1,000 sq. ft. GFA Industrial = 0.67-3.5 spaces per 1,000 sq. ft. GFA |
