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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define the purpose of transportation
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Transportation bridges the gap between centers of supply and centers of demand
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Name the major eras for transportation development
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1. Roman
2. Industrial Revolution 3. Ford Era 4. Telecom Era 5. Globalization |
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What is the positive impact of globalization?
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Allows for division of labor throught the globe and specialization where regions have competative advantages
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Why is transportation linked to economic prosperity in Newly Industrialized States
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Allows division of labor and a split between production centers and location of demand.
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What are the emerging areas of emphasis in transportation?
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1. efficiency
2. environment |
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What is a modal split?
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Shift to a new/different mode of transportation
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Discuss the role of perspective in transportation issues (national, regional, individual).
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National perspective is to maximize the collective good and improve economic wellbeing of country. Regional is concerned with urban/rural area concerns. Individuals are concerned with shortening their own travel times and not collective good.
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What are some impacts of transportation on individuals?
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1. level of mobility
2. residential location 3. Residential/Employment trade-off 4. Social interaction 5. Entertainment 6. Vacations & tourism |
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In brief, how has the study of transportation evolved when looking at modes?
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Transportation has gone from considering segments individually to looking at systems as a whole.
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Individual modal segments are sometimes called what to what?
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Port to Port
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Transportation systems as a whole are called what to what?
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Door to door or origin to destination
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What factors did Cooley consider within transportation systems?
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physical, economic, and social aspects
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What is the economic significance of transportation?
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Development
Specialization Mass Production Location advantage |
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What is the economic linkages between transportation and production?
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transportation and cost
" & price stabilization " & globalization " & value of land " & GNP |
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How important is transportation to GNP
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In some economies it is the largest segment, up to 1/5 of GNP and 10-12% of employment
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With regard to cost, what must be the case in order for goods to move?
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The cost of transportation must be less than the differences between prices at the 2 locations.
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What is diffusion of innovation?
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The concept that new ideas and products can spread to different locations.
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Give some examples of politics in transportation.
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Navigation rights on EU rivers
Air landing rights Regional transit votes |
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To developing countries, why is transportation important?
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Transportation is directly linked to the level of economic development in a country.
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What are the two components to spatial organization?
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Linkages & Nodes
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What year is commonly considered the key year geography evolved beyond discriptive & why?
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1959 when Richard Hartshorne wrote "Prospectives on the nature of geography"
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After 1959, what were the initial key innovations in geography studies?
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Location theory and graph theory were developed with focus on efficiency and economics.
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In the 1970's what was the focus of geography studies?
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Quantitative tools
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What transition did geography studies go through in the 1980s?
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A shift to interest in solving problems rather than developing tools. Increase in study of social aspects and behavioral studies.
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What new aspects of geography studies emerged in the 1990s?
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Transportation and communications systems and the environment.
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According to Ullman, what three interdependent conditions are needed for a spatial interaction to occur?
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Complementarity
Intervening opportunity Transferability |
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Define complementarity
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There must be an excess supply in one location and a demand in another location.
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What does "intervening opportunity" mean in transportation?
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There must not be another location that offers a better alternative for trade. If one exists, there won't be flow of a good between 2 points.
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What does the term "transferability" mean?
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There must be a means of transporting a good between 2 points. The places must be linked.
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What are some obsticles to transportation?
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Cost
Terrorism Legallity perishability accessibility political decisions |
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What is "place utility"?
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Something has more value in one place than another (example fresh water)
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What is "time utility"?
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Transportation enhances the ability of goods to meet human needs by making them available when they are needed
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What is the physical distance between 2 locations called
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Geodesic path
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What is the shortest distance between 2 points on a globe?
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Great Circle
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What sort of map indicates the distance between locations in terms of time?
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Isocromes
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When you consider transportation in terms of time, should you consider total time or time actually travelling (moving)
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Consider total door to door time.
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What is an Isocost map?
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Distinguishes distance between places in terms of cost. Geographically closest may not be cheapest.
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Do all people view distance the same way?
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No, people have a mental map or "perception measure" that impacts decisions.
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Layering maps of geographic, cost, and time distances into one map is called what?
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MDS - Multi-dimensional Scaling
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What is meant by tapering cost structure?
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The total cost of transportation increases with distance but at a decreasing rate.
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What are the terminal costs of transportation?
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Fixed costs. They don't change with distance.
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What are line-haul costs?
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Variable costs that increase with distance (fuel, driver, etc)
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What is the impact of a port on transportation costs between 2 points?
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The break of bulk point will be the cheapest total costs. That is why industries are clustered around ports
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What is another name for break of bulk point?
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Transshipment point or port.
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What is the lowest geographic point in terms of total costs when shipping between 2 locations.
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The break of bulk point.
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Put in order the 3 major modes in terms of best use over short, medium and long distances.
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Truck - short
Rail - medium Water - long |
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What is considered a short distance in shipping?
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1 to 1.5 day drive or approx 400-600 KM.
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What is the term for charging based on the value of the cargo?
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Ad valorum
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What is a cargo's stowage factor?
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The ratio between volume and weight of the commodity
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What type of cargo is ideally suited for air transport?
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high volume, low weight with a high value
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What factors impact transportation rate for a particular good?
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cargo value (ad valorum)
cargo characteristics stowage factor oversized issues |
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What impact does a trade inbalance have on rates
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It's cheaper to ship one direction than the other
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What are some impacts on rate between 2 points?
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Trade balance
competition Interference (borders, customs, etc) |
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Define a "transportation network"
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Specific locations tied together to form a integrated system.
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Define a node?
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1. a city, station, port, origin, destination
2. a relay of movement |
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What are some impacts of networks on the surrounding region?
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Land values and availability of services are greater on transportation networks (look at SR-99 vs I-5)
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What is a simulation model?
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A simplified version of a slice of reality that eliminates complexities to improve comprehension.
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Why do models allow generalizations?
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In order to make certain conditions more likely and apparent
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What can you do with a transportation model that you can't do with reality?
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1. Collapse time
2. build alternative links 3. try different modes 4. shift resources |
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What are the 6 stages of expansion of a transport network?
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1. seperate ports
2. some inland routes 3. development of feeders 4. begin interconnections 5. complete interconnection 6. high priority main streets |
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What is the gravity model?
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The distance between places and size of their areas provides a statistical model to predict the volume of flow
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In the gravity model, what determines the amount of interation?
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The size of points and the distance between them.
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In the gravity model, what sort of attracting power do large centers have?
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High
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What happens to attractiveness between 2 points as the distance between them increases in the gravity model?
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attractiveness decreases due to distance decay
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What is the gravity model good for?
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statistically estimating the interaction between 2 places given a set of circumstances
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What does calibration mean in the gravity model
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get the model closer to reality by adding additional factors
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What is K in the gravity model?
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K is a constant introduced to narrow the scope to the portion of the population germain to the issue being studied
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What is N in the gravity model and what is a common value for N?
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N indicates transportation friction between 2 locations. A common value is 2.
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In general is there more flow from large cities to small areas or vice versa and why?
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Most flow is from small areas to large due to more services and alternatives to choose from.
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What is the Reilly model good for?
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Finding the point of equilibrium between 2 population centers.
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What is another term for the equilibrium point between population centers?
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"Indifference point"
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Is the Reilly model as accurate as field studies?
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Close, it is usually less than 2% off.
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What is the Potential model good for?
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Shows the growth potential for 1 given population center.
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What is a "network" in graph theory?
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A set of systematically organized points and lines.
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What are some properties of a ordering graph?
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1. A network has a defined number of places
2. each route has 2 places (origin & destination) 3. Only one route can join a pair of places |
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What is a planer graph?
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a graph where the intersection of 2 lines is always a vertex.
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Give an example of a non-planer graph.
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Aircraft routes cross but they don't form a vertex.
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What does graph theory help you with?
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It's a good tool to determine the most accessible points in a network.
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Graphs consist of 2 components. Name them.
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Vertices
Edges |
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What is the Koning Index and what is it used for?
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The maximum distance from a vertex to each of the other vertices (in terms of # of edges). Helps determine strategic locations in network
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Which is the more accessible location, one with a high Koning index or low.
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Low is more accessible.
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What does a connectivity matrix show?
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Tells you the number of direct connections for a vertex. i.e. which place is most connected.
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What is the value of the Accessibility Index?
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It shows which locations are most reachable. It shows how many total edges must be traveled to reach ALL locations in the network.
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In order to be considered "reachable" is a low Ai or high Ai preferable?
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A low Ai indicates a more accessible location.
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Will the location with the lowest Ai always be the geographic center of a matrix?
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No
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What index shows the level of network development by comparing actual edges to actual vertices?
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Beta Index
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If a Beta index is low (i.e. less than 1) what does that mean?
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The network is not very developed.
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What index compares the maximum possible number of edges in a graph to the actual number?
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Gamma Index
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Is the gamma index useful in a non-planer graph?
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No
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What are the beta and gamma indices used for?
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To evaluate the level of development of a network.
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In strategic planning, what are "goals"?
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The highest level of statements that you would like to consider. General concepts and not specific.
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In strategic planning, what are "objectives"?
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specific concepts translating goals into more concrete steps
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In strategic planning, what are "variables"?
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The measurables and changables that must take place to meet goals and objectives.
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What does Area of Impact mean in strategic planning?
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The boundaries of where projects are designed. Care must be taken to keep project from having adverse impacts outside of designed area.
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When analyzing networks in the short term, what is considered?
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Flow between points
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When analyzing transportation network over a long term, what is being studied?
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The impact of a network on a given region, including land value, etc.
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