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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acer
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Red Maple
Blood Toxic agent: Unknown MOA: acute Clinical signs: Hemolytic anemia (heinz body formation) Tx: whole blood transfusion, fluid therapy Animals affected: Horses |
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Allium
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Onions and Garlic
Blood Toxic agent: N-propyl disulfide (glycoside) MOA: Acute, onset of symptoms 1-6 days post ingestion Clinical Signs: Hemolytic anemia (Heinz body), onion odor in tissue/milk, blood will not clot Tx: blood transfusion (rapid recovery) DDX: hemolytic diseases (Babesiosis, Lepto, etc) Animals affected: cattle and horses; cats>dogs, sheep most resistant |
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Melilotus
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Sweet clover
Blood Toxic agent: Dicoumarol/Dicoumarin (mold causes coumarol/coumarin) MOA: moldy/damaged clover in hay, chronic exposure. Substitutes for Vitamin K = factors 2, 7, 9, 10 affected Clinical Signs: massive hemorrhage (internal or external), possibly icterus Tx: blood transfusion (platelet rich plasma), vitamin K, avoid trauma DDX: Warfarin, aflotoxin, mycotoxicoses Animals affected: cattle, sometimes sheep and horses Note: Trifolium subterran (Subterranean clover) not associated with hemorrhagic syndrome, but rather infertilitiy due to phytoestrogen |
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Pteridium
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Bracken Fern
Blood and neurologic (horses) Toxic agent: Ptalquiloside (glycoside; aplastic anemia/ hematuria factor), Thiaminase (only horse affected, neurological), carcinogen also present (not the toxic agent) MOA: Chronic exposure (>4 months), must ingest 100% of body weight Clinical Signs: hemorrhage, bone marrow disfunction (aplastic aniemia, pancytopenia), capillary fragility Tx: whole blood transfusion, batyl alcohol DDX: Radiomimetic agents, x-rays, gamma-rays, alkylating agents, trichloroethylene extracted soybean oil meal, anticoagulant rodenticides, moldy sweet clover Animals affected: cattle, ruminants |
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Nerium
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Oleander
Heart Toxic agent: Cardiac glycosides (similar to digitalis), 20 leaves toxic to horse, 1-2 leaves toxic to child MOA: Dry plant material (increased palatability), smoke of burning plants, acute exposure Clinical Signs: vomiting, diarrhea, trembling, cardiac stimulation, vasoconstriction, mydriasis, cold extremities, paralysis, cardiac depression, coma, death; gastroenteritis, widespread petechiation Tx: NONE Animals affected: all, including humans, horses especially susceptible |
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Taxus
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Yew
Heart Toxic agent: taxine (alkaloid), follage, bark, seeds toxic (green and dry) MOA: Ca++ channel antagonist; acute exposure Clinical Signs: Depressant: bradycardia -> heart stops in diastole -> death; chicken fat clot in heart Tx: gastric lavage, atropine, supportive drug therapy, artificial respiration, pacemaker (humans) Animals affected: all, including humans; primarily horses |
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Gossypium
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Cottonseed
Heart and Respiratory Toxic agent: Gossypol (polyphenolic compound) MOA: can die after not eating cottonseed for several weeks; survivors are poor doers (pulmonary absecesses/fog fever); do not give free choice to mature ruminants because decreases milk production/food intake, not excreted in milk, but found in organ meat Clinical Signs: affects hemoglobin content of blood; chronic heart failure -> pulmonary edema -> death; liver, cardiopulmonary Tx: NONE Animals affected: humans, monogastrics, immature ruminants; swine most sensitive, cattle least sensitive |
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Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema
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Fog Fever
Respiratory Toxic agent: 3-methyleneindolenine - L-tryptophan -> 3-methylindole in rumen -> inhaled after eructation -> 3-methyleneindolenine -> swollen alveoli -may be immune mediated or moldy hay MOA: summer/autumn, improved pastures; 50% morbidity (30% of those may die within 1-3 days) Clinical Signs: sudden onset respiratory distress with salivation/frothy nasal discharge/bloat; may become chronic with pulmonary edema and abscesses Tx: diuretics?, corticosteroids? antihistamine? IV Albumin? Animals affected: cattle (>2 years old, cow-calf), usually not daires |
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Astragalus emoryanus
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Locoweed, Emory Milkvetch, Red-stemmed Peavine
Respiratory and Neurological Toxic agent: 3- notro propanol/ 3-nitro propionic acid - glycoside MOA: good forage on tight soils, becomes toxic on sandy soils Clinical Signs: labored breathing/ husky sound; death 4-20 hours post ingestion. No gross lesions; incoordination of hind quarters, fetlock knuckling, blindness, "cracker heals", axonal degeneration of posterior spinal cord Animals affected: domestic ruminants |
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Astragalus/ Oxytropis
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Locoweed
Neurologic Toxic agent: Swainsonine/ Locoine - alkaloid MOA: chronic exposure (may become habituated/addicted) Clinical Signs: may disappear and reemerge when excited or stressed (dangerous to horse riders); emaciation, neurological disturbances, respiratory, abortion, teratogenesis, selenium accumulation, reproductive problems, mannose accumulation (inhibition of a-mannosidase); brisket disease/ CHF/ High mountain disease - horses/cows = excitement - sheep = depression Animals affected: horses most susceptible (30% body weight over 2 months = fatal), ruminants need 300% body weight over many months for fatality Horses> cattle> sheep> goats |
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Cynodon
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Costal Bermuda Grass
Respiratory, neurologic, photosensitization, liver Toxic agent: unknown MOA/exposure: Improved pastures (generally not seen if grass is properly baled and fed as hay, nuerological condition can occur from hay) Clinical Signs: pulmonary edema/ emphysema, tremors/posterior paralysis, icterus, photosensitization Tx: remove animals from pastures Animals affected: cattle |
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Perilla
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Perilla Mint/ Beefsteak Plant
Respiratory Toxic agent: Perilla ketone (same chemical as in moldy sweet potatoes); egomaketone, isoegomaketone (substituted furans) MOA/exposure: toxic agent in leaves, stems and roots (150mg/kg is lethal in cattle); all three compounds equally toxic -plant not usually grazed unless animals hungry, may be found in baled hay Clinical Signs: pulmonary emphysema/edmea, leaves/seeds in rumen, mint-like odor to GI tract; atypical interstitial pneumonia Tx: treat symptoms Animals affected: horses and cattle |
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Aesculus
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Buckeyes, Horsechestnuts
Neurological Toxic agent: Aesculin, fraxin - glycosidic saponin - Ohio buckeye may also have narcotic alkaloid - Highest concentration of toxin in fruit/seeds, but also found in leaves/bark MOA/exposure: acute exposure in early spring (increased palatability); invader plant Clinical Signs: GI irratation, uneasy staggering gait (walking on hot pavement), weakness, trembling, congested mucous membranes, hemolysis, depression -> coma -> death Tx: symptomatic (stimulants/purgatives?) Animals affected: cattle, horses, sheep, swine, childern Unginadia speciosa (Mexican buckeye) - nontoxic |
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Brunfelsia
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Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow
Neurological Toxic agent: Brunfelsalmidine, Hopeanine - alkaloids MOA/exposure: ornamental plant Clinical Signs: excessive salivation, coughing, gagging, clonic-tonic convulsions (strychnine-like), diarrhea or constipation Tx: phenobarbitol for convulsions, empty stomach (gastric lavage, charcoal, saline), fluids, intensive care Animals affected: dogs primarily, but probably all animals |
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Centaurea
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Yellow Star Thistle/ Russian Knapweed
Neurologic Toxic agent: unknown- lethal dose over several weeks - Nitrate accumulation - Designer drug MPTP- produces similar lesions in humans MOA/exposure: chronic exposure with acute clinical signs, usually June/July or October/November; horses may become addicted Clinical Signs: sudden onset, variable impairment of eating and drinking- unable to swallow/prehense food, push head into water to drink: CN 5, 7, 12; foreign body pneumonia; may starve to death; "wooden" expression - Necrosis of globus pallidus, substantia nigra, basal ganglia, putamen = equine nigropalladial encephalomalacia Animals affected: horses only |
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Cicuta
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Spotted Water Hemlock
Neurological Toxic agent: Cicutoxin - highly unsaturated higher alcohol - Highest concentration in hollow root stock MOA/exposure: acute exposure during early spring Clinical Signs: 15-30 minutes post-ingestion - salivation, tremors, convulsions, opisthotonus, teeth grinding, mydriasis, hyperpyrexia, paralysis and respiratory failure (cause of death) Tx: unknown Animals affected: all warm blooded animals, including humans |
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Claviceps purpurea
Calviceps cinerea Calviceps paspali |
Ergot- a fungus
Neurologic Toxic agent: lysergic caid derivatives - Ergotamine, Ergotoxine; polypeptide derivatives of this indole alkaloid MOA/exposure: - C. purpurea - rye grass and cultavated rye -C. cinerea - Tobosa grass -C. paspali - Bahia and Dallis grass Clinical Signs: convulsions, incoordination, abortions (during nervous stage), gangrene after several days/weeks, lameness, necrosis of margins of ear, loss of tail switch, line of demarcation on limbs; thrombus formation -Nervous syndrome = C. purpurea, C. cinera -Gangrene = all (paspalum staggers with C. paspali) Tx: none, change diet, mow Dallis grass (knocks off seed heads, rest of plant is safe to graze) DDX: milk fever, ketosis Animals affected: primarily cattle |
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Conium
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Poison Hemlock
Neurologic Toxic agent: Piperidine alkaloid - Coniine, etc MOA/exposure: acute exposure with clinical signs appearing less than one hour after ingestion Clinical Signs: nervousness, trembling, ataxia, mydriasis, bradycardia (weak), hypothermia, coma, abortion and teratogenesis (swine, cows); widespread congestion with no gross lesions Tx: TLC, symptomatic Animals affected: all, including humans |
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Cycads
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Sago Palms
Neurologic and liver Toxic agent: Cyasin- carcinogenic glycoside -Seed most toxic - also found in roots - Methylazoxymethanol - toxic cycasin metabolite related to nitrosamine MOA/exposure: GI bacteria cleave cycasin -> methylazoxymethanol -> neoplasm Clinical Signs: hepatosis, jaundice, anemia, depression, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, ascites, hemorrhage, nausea, coma, paralysis, death -Cattle - neurotoxic effects -Dogs- neurotoxic effects, especially trembling/ convulsing, hepatic failure -If the animals bacterial flora can convert cycasin effectively, neoplasm production is 100% Tx: supportive care, control hemorrhage and anemia Animals affected: all animals, including humans |
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Delphinium
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Larkspur
Neurologic Toxic agent: Delphinine and other diterpine alkaloids -Also found in Aconitum spp (Monkshood) -5gm/kg= lethal in cattle, 2-5 mg total = lethal in humans MOA/exposure: acute exposure in spring, may be found dead with plant in their mouths (spurred flower) Clinical Signs: sudden death, nervousness, staggering, hypersalivation, twitching, rapid bloating, irregular tachycardia, respiratory paralysis; death within 24 hours or survival Tx: place animal in sternal recumbency with head elevated to prevent bloating; antiarrthymics (procainamide?) Animals affected: primarily cattle; horses, humans, sheep are resistant |
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Helenium
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Sneezeweeds
Neurological Toxic agent: Helenalin - sesquiterpene lactone -H. amarum: bitter sneezeweed/bitterweed = nontoxic (imparts bitter taste to milk) -H. microcephalum: small-headed sneezeweed = very toxic -H. hoopseii: orange sneezeweed = less toxic ("Spewing sickness") MOA/Exposure: invader plant that can compete with grass; H. hoopseii only grows at high elevations Clinical Signs: weakness, ataxia, diarrhea, dyspnea, nasal discharge (regurgitation through nose); horses may have skin lesions (contact dermatitis) Animals Affected: primarily sheep; cattle, goats, horses |
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Hymenoxys
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Bitterweed, Bitter rubberweed, Pingue
Neurologic Toxic agent: Hymenoxon - sesquiterpene lactone MOA/Exposure: stunted plants probably most toxic, first greens in December; sheep may become addicted Clinical Signs: anorexia, depression, rumen stasis, effects on CN 9, 11, 12 (cannot control pharynx), pulmonary congestion, hemorrhages on viscera TX: none Prophylaxis: diets with ethoxyquine may be preventative; diets containing natural protein (no urea) may be prophylactic Animals Affected: sheep, sometimes goats, cattle? |
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Ipomoea
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Morning Glory
Neurologic Toxic agent: Lysergic acid amide - indole alkaloid (LSD) MOA/Exposure: escaped ornamental, noxious weed in crops Clinical Signs: Hallucinations, respiratory depression (have to swallow 200-300 seeds); no gross lesions Animals Affected: primarily humans |
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Iscoma
Eupatorium |
Rayless goldenrod
White snakeroot Neurologic, photosensitization, liver Toxic agent: Tremetol (alcohol form); Trematone (ketone) -Excreted in milk- affects those who drink it = "milk sickness" MOA/Exposure: usually in spring; Iscoma one of the first to green Clinical Signs: Fetlock knuckling; progresses to posterior paralysis, convulsions and death; ketone breath; elevated liver enzymes, heart problems in horses; icterus, photosensitization TX: remove from source, place in shade with feed and water, minimize handling Animals Affected: all warm blooded animals -Iscoma: cattle and horses -Eupatorium: Angora goats (hepatic effects) |
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Kallstroemia
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Caltrops
Neurologic Toxic agent: unknown MOA/Exposure: chronic exposure, heavily grazed pastures with disturbed, arid soils Clinical Signs: kunckling of fetlocks-> posterior paralysis; convulsions precede death; sheep have similar signs but walk on carpus; congestion/hemorrhage of viscera, no CNS lesions TX: place animals in shade with feed and water, minimize handling Animals Affected: cattle, sheep, goats |
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Karwinskia
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Coyotillo
Neurologic Toxic agent: Karwinol A - polycyclic compound (cumulative poison) -Fruit is 100x more toxic than leaves MOA/Exposure: acute or chronic exposure, goats> sheep> cattle (sensitivity) Clinical Signs: newly introduced animals, unthrifty, depression, trembling and incorrdination ("limber leg"); death may be first sign; demylenation of posterior spinal cord TX: none, mildly affected animals may recover DDX: Triaryl phosphate, tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate, Acacia berlandieri (Guajillo) intoxication Animals Affected: all domestic mammals including humans |
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Acacia
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Guajillo
Neurologic Toxic agent: unknown; contains three sympathomimetic amines -Usually on ok forage as long as diet supplemented with long-term consumption MOA/Exposure: chronic exposure, sole diet for 6-9 months Clinical Signs: "Guajillo Wobbles" (Limber leg), progresses to paralysis; most animals die from starvation/dehydration due to inability to move; no gross lesions TX: move animals, supplement ration; most animals completely recover DDX: Coyotillo, Truaryl phosphate, Caltrops Animals Affected: sheep, goats - after a prolonged drought |
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Triaryl Phosphate
Tri-O-Cresyl Phosphate |
Neurologic
Toxic agent: organophosphate MOA/Exposure: used in lubricants, oil fields and feed mills; chronic exposure; anit-esterase (does not inhibit AChE); biotransformation-> neurotoxic esterase (more toxic than parent compound); toxic to myelin Clinical Signs: rough hair coat, weakness (muscular atrophy), bloat, dyspnea (loud), posterior paralysis, classical delayed neuropathy (demyelination) TX: no recovery DDX: Coyotillo, Guajillo, Haloxon (anti-helmenthic), Sorghum cystitis in horses Animals Affected: all, young chicks most susceptible |
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Lobelia
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Indian Tobacco, Cardinal Flower
Neurologic Toxic agent: N-methyl piperidine (alkaloid) MOA/Exposure: problem for weekend ranchers between Houston and Corpus Christi; usually springtime only; hard to digest so may see clinical signs long after exposure Clinical Signs: very very sleepy cow; diarrhea, anorexia, mydriasis, hypersalivation, nasal discharge, ulcers between upper lip and dental pad; may present as downer cow TX: CNS stimulants not effective; hand feed and water, protect animal DDX: vesicular diseases, milk fever, nutritional disease Animals Affected: cattle, goats, sheep, not yet reported in wild ruminants |
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Peganum
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Rue
Neurologic Toxic agent: Vasicine, harmaline, harmine, harmalol - alkaloids MOA/Exposure: in the desert, near roadsides, overgrazed pastures; requires soil sterilization to get rid of it Clinical Signs: fetlock kuncking, acute death, chronic poor doer - nonspecific neurological condition TX: eliminate access to plants, supply feed and water Animals Affected: cattle, sheep, guinea pigs, horses, humans (hallucinogenic) |
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Equisetum
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Horsetail
Neurologic Toxic agent: Thiaminase (equine); Aconitic acid (bovine), Palustrine alkaloid (bovine) MOA/Exposure: chronic exposure Clinical Signs: -Horses: biochemical lesions similar to braken fern; decreased Thiamine, increased pyruvate -Cattle: lose condition and decrease milk production TX: Thiamine Animals Affected: horses, cattle |
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Solanum dimidiatum
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Potato Weed, Thread salve
Neurologic Toxic agent: unknown -Indolizidine alkaloid (?)-> inhibits lysosomal hydrolase -> lysosomal storage disease MOA/Exposure: cows may eat berries after a frost Clinical Signs: "crazy cow syndrome" - recurrent seizures, head/limb extension, opisthotonos, nystagmus, falling; don't usually die barring trauma; microscopic lesions only - degeneration of Purkinje cells in cerebellum with inclusion bodies and torpedo shaped axons Animals Affected: cattle |
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Sophora
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Mountain Laurel, Mescalbean, Silky Sophora
Neurologic Toxic agent: Cytisine - quinolizidine alkaloid -Highest concentration in seeds, but also in leaves/stems MOA/Exposure: Animals only get sick if they crush the seeds during mastication Clinical Signs: exercise induces signs - stiffening of limbs with muscle tremors and falling over, animal becomes somnolent and/or comatose; cattle die, sheep recover; no gross lesions TX: none, keep animal quiet Animals Affected: cattle, sheep, goats, humans, zebras |
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Vicia
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Vetch
Neurologic and Renal Toxic agent: Glycosides, beta-cyano-L-alanine (cyanide) MOA/Exposure: outbreaks usually in April to July; mature cattle (>3 years old), mortality 50%, chronic exposure (6 weeks of grazing contaminated pasture) Clinical Signs: -V. sativa in poultry: convulsions, blindness, chirping, death -V. sativa in cattle: ADR, death -V. vilosa in cattle: 3 syndromes 1. nervous derangement, bellowing, sexual excitement, locomotor difficulty, convulsions, death 2. SQ swellings of head, neck, body, herpes like eruptions in oral mucous membranes, respiratory signs, alopecia, anorexia, weakness, and death after 12-15 days of illness 3. Most Important! dermatitis, roughened coat with popular swellings, exudate, skin ulceration, pruritus, thickened skin, ocular lesions, ADR body signs -V. leavenworthii in cattle: granulomatous reaction, dermatitis DDX: cutaneous arthropod infestation, allergic uticarias, cutaneous mycoses, photosensitization, chlorinated naphthalene poisoning, pox virus, rabies Animals Affected: |
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Zygadenus
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Deathcamas
Neurologic Toxic agent: Zagacine - steroidal alkaloid -0.5-6% body weight toxic, all plant parts toxic MOA/Exposure: early spring in grasslands and woodlands Clinical Signs: excess salivation, frothy nasal/oral discharge, vomiting may follow ataxia, weakness, trembling, dyspnea, hyperesthesia, prostration, cardiac depression, coma precedes death; no gross lesions, congested kidney, lungs TX: TLC, treat for hypotension; atropine and CNS stimulants have been recommended (?), steroidal alkaloids cause hypotension and teratogenesis Animals Affected: sheep, cattle, horses, chicken; swine susceptible but vomit before intoxicated |
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Asclepias
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Milkweed
Heart and Neurologic Toxic agent: Cardenolides/ Bufadienolides (cardiac glycosides) MOA/Exposure: animals graze plants during drought/over-grazing largest problem with hay/ green-chop; similar to ouabain Clinical signs: decreased CO (decreased heart rate), trembling, staggering, falling, fever, bloat, respiratory depression and death TX: symptomatic (GI irritation, glycoside intoxication, CNS signs) Animals effected: grazing animals |
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Baileya
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Desert Balieya
Heart Toxic agent: unknown (sequiterpene lactone?) -All parts of plant are toxic, flower usually ingested MOA/Exposure: actue exposure Clinical signs: rapid, pounding heart, audible without stethoscope, widespread hemorrhage of viscera, pneumonia, ascites TX: none Animals effected: sheep |
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Datura
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Jimson weed, Thornapple, Moon trumpet, Angel trumpet
Heart and Neurologic Toxic agent: tropane alkaloids (Belladonna alkaloids; atropine and scopolamine) MOA/Exposure: found in fertile disturbed sites (barnyards, pens, creek bottoms) Clinical signs: tachycardia, incoordination, paralysis, restlessness, muscular twitching, death from respiratory paralysis (no gross lesions) TX: Physostigmine (naturally occurring carbamate, uncharged cholinergic Animals effected: all, humans most frequently -"red as a beet, dry as a bone, mad as an old wet hen"- hyperthermia |
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Kalanchoe
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Kalanchoe
Heart Toxic agent: Bufadienolides (cardiac glycosides) MOA/Exposure: indoor ornamental (primarily an issue with dogs) Clinical signs: cardiac and neurological signs TX: symptomatic (GI irritation, cardiac glycoside toxicity) Animals effected: primarily a problem in dogs |
