Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the clinical signs of toxic damage to the liver?
|
steatosis, hepatocellular necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis, cholestasis
|
|
|
What is a cytochrome p450 phase one reaction?
|
degradation of the molecule. Usually makes molecule less interactive with biochemical targets ( remember that sometimes this reaction may retain activity or make molecule more active!)
|
|
|
what are two toxins metabolized by p450 to reactive free radicals?
|
acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride
|
|
|
how is lipid membrane peroxidation achieved?
|
reactive metabolites transfer an upaired electron to the lipid membrane where it reacts with oxygen causing peroxidation of the membrane.
|
|
|
what is the significance of the centri lobular zone of the liver?
|
where the amounts of cytochrome p450 are the highest making this area more vulnerable to toxic damage!
|
|
|
what happens when the centrilobular region undergoes toxic damage?
|
centrilobular necrosis
|
|
|
What are the human hepato carcinogens
|
1. viral hepatitis
2. aflatoxin- aspergillus flavus 3. ethanol 4. vinyl chloride |
|
|
what are the suspected synthetic hepatocarcinogens?
|
1. dimethylnitrosamine
2. DDT 3. PCBs 4. CCL4 5. chloroform (CHCL3) |
|
|
what are some naturally occurring hepatic carcinogens?
|
arsenic, safrole, cycasin, aflatoxin, pyrrolizidines
|
|
|
What are some classic renal toxins that are therapeutic agents?
|
antimicrobials ( i.e aminoglycosides) , antineoplastics, iodinated radiocontrast agents, analgesics
|
|
|
What are some environmental/occupational renal toxins?
|
metals ( mercury, lead, cadmium), solvents ( CCl4), aniline dyes, diquat herbicide, ethylene glycol
|
|
|
What is the significance of the proximal convoluted tubule in kidney toxicity?
|
it contains the highest levels of cytochrome p450 in the kidney. This makes it the most vulnerable to free radical metabolic damage.
|
|
|
where in the kidney does chronic toluene exposure damage?
|
distal renal tubule
|
|
|
what does analgesic toxicity cause in the kidney?
|
interstitial nephritis
|
|
|
what does gold toxicity cause in the kidney?
|
glomerular damage
|
|
|
what is the most common cause of acute renal failure?
|
acute tubular necrosis
|
|
|
what is acute tubular necrosis?
|
the most common cause of acute renal failure. The cells lining the tubules are damaged, swell up , die and collapse into the lumen of the tubules.
|
|
|
what toxins cause direct toxic injury to the tubule cells?
|
CCl4 free radical metabolite, mercuric chloride, acetaminophen, gentamycin.
|
|
|
What is the significance of Orellanine in Cortinarius mushrooms?
|
it causes Tubulointerstitial nephritis by interrupting the production of ATP; inflammation of the interstitium.
|
|
|
What is chronic renal failure?
|
slowly progressing decline in renal function ( most of the time is permanent)
|
|
|
what are some renal toxic agents that cause chronic renal failure?
|
phenacetin ( analgesic), toluene ( in glue) , cadmium accumulation
|
|
|
what is the number one risk factor for transitional cell carcinoma- bladder?
|
cigarette smoking
|
|
|
What is the number one principle of developmental toxicity!?
|
expression of toxic effect depends on the stage of fetal development! fetal vulnerability to teratogens is weeks 2 through 7 .
|
|
|
dibromochloropropane
|
a pesticide used to kill nematodes. has universal testicular toxicity. " DBCP" Daddy's Birth Control Pills"
|
|
|
what are some suspects for impaired fertility in women?
|
volatile organic solvents, PCBs, pesticides, formaldehyde
|
|
|
Risk assessment
|
evaluation of the likelihood that a given adverse effect will occur in a specifically defined interaction between a person and a toxin
|
|
|
the risk equation
|
RISK= HAZARD x EXPOSURE
risk - the chance that an effect will occur with a given exposure hazard - total spectral of harmful effects inherent to the substance exposure- quantity and frequency of drug contact |
|
|
Dose response curve
|
graph of the frequency distribution of percent response against a log dose.
|
|
|
NOEL
(No observable effect level) |
the dose that did not produce the observable effect in the test population
|
|
|
LOEL
(lowest observable effect level) |
lowest dose which produced the observable effect
|
|
|
threshold dose
|
an extrapolated dose from the dose response curve below which the effect can't be detected and above which the effect is first apparent. (between the NOEL and LOEL)
|
|
|
ED50
|
the midpoint of the toxin dose response curve
|
|
|
LD50
|
the dose that was lethal to 50% of test animals; important because it allows for ranking agents according to their toxic potency.
|
|
|
LD50 potency generalizations
|
if the LD50 of a drug is less than 5mg/kg then it is supertoxic. if it is greater than 5,000 mg/kg then it is practically not toxic
|
