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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 6 typical GI signs?
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1) Diarrhea
-often hemorrhagic 2) Colic 3) Anorexia 4) Salivation or regurgitation 5) Oral lesions 6) Depressed rumen motility |
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Does diarrhea d.t. toxin cause acute or chronic diarrhea?
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Usually acute
-rapid onset -large volume |
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Describe the diarrhea caused by the d.t. toxin.
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Acute, often hemorrhagic (occult blood or melena), may be inflammatory cells in feces
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What is arsenic? What are the forms of arsenic?
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A heavy metal
Found in both organic and inorganic forms |
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Is organic or inorganic arsenic more toxic?
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Inorganic
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What are the 2 forms of inorganic arsenic?
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Trivalent
Pentavalent |
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What are the 2 forms of organic arsenic?
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Aliphatic
Aromatic |
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What are 8 sources of arsenic?
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1) Arsenic trioxide- herbicide in past
2) Baits for ants, snails, rodents 3) Wood preservatives 4) Arsenic feed additives 5) Medications 6) Oral remedies 7) sheep dip 8) some soils |
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What is the mechanism of action of trivalent arsenic?
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Inhibits cell respiration
-bind to sulfhydryl compounds, enzymes ( *Rapid dividing cells most affects Also capillary dilatation and degeneration |
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What is the mechanism of action of pentavalent arsenic?
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Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
-cell energy deficit |
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What happens to the actively dividing cells targeted by inorganic arsenic?
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Cells become necrotic (*intestinal epithelium)
-slough in time -hemorrhage & fluid loss NOT SUDDEN DEATH |
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What are the paracute clinical signs of arsenic toxicity?
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Paracute--> sudden death
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What clinical signs do you see during the acute stage of arsenic poisoning?
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3-12 hours
-severe watery diarrhea (usually hemorrhagic) -colic, weakness, dehydration |
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What organs will contain elevated levels of arsenic when an animal has arsenic poisoning?
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Liver, kidney, GI contents, urine & whole blood in live animal
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How do you diagnose arsenic toxicity?
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Look for suspected source of contamination
-look for elevated levels of arsenic in organs |
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What are 4 components to treating arsenic toxicity?
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1) Dimercaprol
2) Dimercaptosuccinic acid= succimer may be best 3) Lipolic acid-chelating agent 4) Sodium thiosulfate |
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How does dimercaprol help treat arsenic toxicity?
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Contains 2 sulfhydryl groups which bind to Arsenic
-chelate excreted by kidney |
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What is the prognosis of arsenic poisoning?
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Guarded
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What are the 2 canthardins?
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Blister beetle
Spanish fly |
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How do canthardins cause damage?
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Irritates all mucus membranes
-Destroys renal tubules |
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What is the source of canthardin?
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Used as cutaneous blister on lame horses, horse chews on skin where blister is applied and is poisoned
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What is the condition right dorsal colitis?
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An enteropathy associated with phenylbutazone or other NSAIDs administration
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What is the mechanism of action of right dorsal colitis?
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Phenylbutazone or NSAID inhibits prostaglandin synthesis--> insufficient prostaglandin E
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What is the primary clinical sign of right dorsal colitis?
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Intermittent colic
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What are 4 abnormalities you will ALWAYS find with right dorsal colitis?
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1) Hypoproteinemia
2) Hypoalbuminemia 3) Hypocalcemia 4) Mild anemia |
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What are 2 clinical pathologies that will SOMETIMES be seen in a horse with right dorsal colitis?
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Blood in feces
Azotemia |
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What are the 2 primary components of diagnosing right dorsal colitis?
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1) History of NSAID administration
2) Signs of intermittent colic or diarrhea |
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What are 6 components of treating right dorsal colitis?
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1) Avoid giving NSAIDs
2) Omeprazole 3) Misoprostol **PGE analogue 4) Fluids if needed 5) Mineral oil? 6) Low bulk diet |
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How do you prevent right dorsal colitis?
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Avoid long term high doses of NSAIDs
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