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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DEET
-typical use |
-insect repellent
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DEET
-effect of excessive contact to high concentrations |
-progressive peripheral and CNS dysfunction
-excitability -tremors -seizures |
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DEET
-treatment |
-symptomatically
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Ant/Roach Bait
-largest concern |
-plastic/metal can cause foreign body hazard
-active ingredients not in high enough levels |
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Birth Control Pills
-largest concern |
-foreign body from plastic
-not enough estrogen in a package to cause concern |
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Silica gel dessicants
-concerns |
-mild GI signs
-possible foreign body -silica is biologically and chemically inert |
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Glow stick
-clinical signs |
-drooling
-hyperactivity -head shaking |
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Soaps and anionic/non-ionic detergents
-symptoms |
-GI irritant
-use symptomatic care |
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Super glue
-largest concern |
-heat and irritant vapors from activation irritating the eyes
-becomes inert once it polymerizes |
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Super glue
-treatment |
-flush eyes with tepid water/saline for 15 mins
-eyelid separation in 1-4 days -use mineral/vegetable oil for skin contact -wear away on its own in the mouth |
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Gorilla glue
-effect |
-expands in stomach (polyurethane)
-blockage and gastric dilatation |
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Gorilla glue
-treatment |
-gastrostomy
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Cigarettes
-effects |
-acute GI signs followed by transient neurologic dysfunction
-vomiting -salivation -diarrhea -CNS excitement -neurologic collapse -respiratory paralysis |
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Cigarettes
-treatment |
-decontaminate
-fluids -respiratory support |
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Medicated dermal patches
-reason for effects |
-high doses of chemical due to poor dermal absorption
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Vitamin A poisoning
-main source |
-stray cats fed a high level of raw fish liver diets
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Vitamin A poisoning
-acute vs. chronic poison |
-acute: vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
-chronic: lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, neck pain, skin problems, tense musculature |
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Neck and limb rigidity due to vitamin A toxicity
-aka |
-exostosis
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Vitamin A toxicity
-treatment |
-remove source
-change diet -fluids |
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D-limonene
-main use |
-flea control shampoos and sprays
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D-limonene
-clinical effects |
-eye/skin irritation
-salivation -muscle weakness -shivering -ataxia -hypothermia |
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D-limonene
-treatment |
-wash repeatedly with warm soap and water
-monitor body temp -fluids |
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Naphthalene
-found in |
-mothballs
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Naphthalene toxicity
-Mechanism of action |
-irritant
-generates free radicals (hemoglobin --> metHb) -secondary liver and kidney failure |
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Naphthaline toxicity
-clinical effects |
-vomiting
-heinz body anemia (icterus, cyanosis, dyspnea) |
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Naphthaline toxicity
-treatment |
-decontaminate
-control vomiting -methylene blue |
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Paradichlorobenzene
-found in |
-moth balls
-garbage can deodorizers |
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Paradichlorobenzene
-effects |
-irritant (vomiting, diarrhea)
-neurological effects (tremors, seizures) |
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Paradichlorobenzene
-treatment |
-diazepam
-IV fluid |
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Paintball ingestion
-mechanism of toxicity |
-act as osmotic cathartics on ingestion (high Na)
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Paintball ingestion
-signs/effects |
-vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, tremors
-cardiac irregularities, hyperactivity, hyperthermia, seizures, blindness -acidosis, hypernatremia, electrolyte imbalance |
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Paintball ingestion
-treatment |
-emesis
-IV fluid (2-3x maintenance) -monitor 24 hrs |
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Xylitol
-what is it |
-sweetener in sugar-free candy and gum
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Xylitol
-mechanism of toxicity |
-stimulates burst of insulin release from pancreas
-produces hypoglycemia in <2 hrs |
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Xylitol
-effects of hypoglycemia |
-weakness, ataxia, collapse
-liver necrosis -coagulopathy from liver failure |
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Xylitol ingestion
-treatment |
-IV infusion of 50% dextrose
-activated charcoal -monitor |
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Battery problems
-alkaline -lithium -nickel/cadmium -acid dry cell |
-alkaline: caustic
-lithium: usually safe -nickel/cadmium: renal damage with high dose -acid dry cell: corrosive |
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Battery ingestion
-treatment |
-may begin to leak if not passed in 48-72 hrs
-can cause perforations -image the GI tract -may require surgery (NO emesis) |
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Ethylene Glycol
-effects |
-CNS depressant
-acidosis from metabolism to glycolic/oxalic acid -oxalic acid --> calcium oxalate --> renal failure |
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Ethylene glycol
-diagnosis |
-test for Ethylene glycol in serum/urine
-dec. serum Calcium and pH -massive increase in Ca oxalate crystals in urine -Postmortem: crystals in renal tubules |
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Ethylene glycol
-treatment |
-decontamination via emesis
-inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase (fomepizole IV) -aggressive fluid therapy -correct acidosis |
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Ethylene Glycol
-prognosis |
-dogs: good if treated within 8-12 hrs (avoid liver failure)
-cats: poor -full recovery of renal function may take time |
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Other antifreezes
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-methanol (wood alcohol)
-de-icing agents (salts) |
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Chocolate toxicity
-toxic compound |
Methyl-xanthines:
-theobromine -caffeine -theophyline |
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Chocolate toxicity
-risk factors |
-small body size
-pre-existing heart conditions -epilepsy |
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Chocolate toxicity
-clinical picture |
-develops w/n 6-12 hrs
-vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, inc. BP/HR, excitement, hyperthermia, cardiac arrhythmia, ataxia -hyper excitability --> seizures -fatality from arrhythmia, respiratory failure, DIC |
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Chocolate toxicity
-treatment |
-decontaminate (activated charcoal)
-CNS (diazepam, barbituates, methocarbamol) -Cardiac (propanolol, lidocaine, atropine) -Maintain urine output (fluids, diuretics) -Hyperthermia (cold infusions) -Monitor |
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Chocolate toxicity
-most toxic type |
-dark chocolate
-baker's chocolate |
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Tea Tree oil
-normal use |
-flea control
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Tea Tree Oil
-effects of high toxicity |
-CNS effects in cats and dogs
-ataxia, trembling, depression, paralysis, coma |
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Tea Tree Oil toxicity
-treatment |
-none
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Petroleum hydrocarbons
-why are small molecules more toxic |
-less viscous
-more volatile and more absorbable -higher risk of aspiration pneumonia and systemic toxicity |
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Crude oil expose
-oil types |
-sweet oil
-crude oil |
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Sweet oil
-characteristics |
-most volatile and toxic
-death within 7-14 days |
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Sour oil
-characteristics |
-KS oil
-higher molecular compounds -death in 16-24 days |
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Crude oil ingestion
-common spp seen in |
-cattle
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Crude oil toxicity
-sources for ingestion |
-oil wells, leaking storage tanks & pipelines, spilled oil from trucks
-oil well flooding (major) -cattle go on oil licking binges and drink several liters of oil if water is withheld for > 48 hrs |
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Crude oil ingestion
-clinical picture |
-bloat
-diarrhea -oil on tail, rear quarters, feces -smell of oil in milk, breath, feces -black rumen contents -reduced milk prod. -dec. body condition -pain -pneumonia -liver/kidney failure -bone marrow suppression |
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Crude oil toxicity
-treatment |
-remove source
-give mineral oil (competes and speeds excretion) -rumenotomy if possible (remove material, clean with detergent, replace detergent with electrolyte mix) -nursing and supportive care |
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How long does it take to assess effects of oil ingestion in an area/herd?
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-6-12 months
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Caustics and corrosives
-reason for effects |
-Extreme pH
-Alkaline = caustic (drain/overn cleaner) -Acidic = corrosive (sulfuric acid in car batteries, hydrochloric acid in swimming pools) |
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Caustics or corrosives
-which is generally more hazardous? -why |
-caustics
-delayed and poor sensation of pain allowing for larger ingestion of substance |
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Caustics
-effects |
Liquifactive necrosis
-ulceration and proliferation |
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Tissue most susceptible to caustics
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-esophagus
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Caustics
-treaatment |
-NO EMESIS
-Dilute & Protect (water/milk, egg white, sucralfate) -wash skin with lots of water -rinse eyes -IV fluids -Treat ulceration and perforation |
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Corrosives
-effects |
Coagulative necrosis
-burned tissue forms a protective layer -less chance for perforation |
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Corrosives
-treatment |
Similar to caustics
-NO EMESIS -dilute and protect -wash skin -rinse eyes -pain control -treat ulcers -IV fluids |
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Cationic detergent
-molecular basis |
-quaternary ammonium cations
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Cationic detergents
-products found in |
-disinfectants
-surfactants -fabric softeners -dryer strips |
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Cationic detergent
-effects |
-irritation
-corrosive in high concentrations -systemic (neuromuscular blocking, oxidative cytotoxicity) |
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Cationic Detergents
-treatment |
-treat topically like caustics/corrosives
-low conc. ingestion = dilution and protection like caustics/corrosives -high conc. ingestion = aggressive decontamination (gastric lavage, IV fluid, monitior cardiac & repiratory function, assess and treat ulceration) |
