Toxicology Exam Review

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Profs who taught Environmental Toxicology

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1. Roxana Roshon
2. Tereza Dan
3. Gladys Stephenson

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Toxicology as it relates to ecosystems and environmental issues

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ECOTOXICOLOGY

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-A test conducted to estimate the concentrations to be used in a definitive test.
-A short term test used EARLY in a testing program to evaluate the potential of a chemical to produce and adverse effect

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RANGE-FINDING TEST

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A test that generates adequate data to determine the particular hazard of a substance without additional testing; a test upon which decisions regarding safety can be made

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DEFINITIVE TEST

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A test conducted at a single concentration to determine the effect of the concentration on the test organism

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LIMIT TEST

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A test used to evaluate the relative potency of a chemical by comparing its effect on a living organism with the effect of a standard preparation on the same type of organism.

Can be used in the pharmaceutical industry to evaluate the relative potency of drugs or vitamins

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BIOASSAY

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The means by which the toxicity of a chemical or other test material is determined.

Used to measure the degree of response produced by exposure to a specific concentration of chemical

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TOXICITY TEST

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Type of regression used to analyze binomial response variables

Transforms the sigmoid dose-response curve to a straight line that can then be analyzed by regression either through least squares or maximum likelihood.

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PROBIT ANALYSIS

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Performed to demonstrate consistency in laboratory test performance

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REFERENCE TOXICANT TEST

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Which organism are present (# of species and abundance) in the system

What we see in the system

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STRUCTURE OF AN ECOSYSTEM

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The interaction of the population with other populations or the abiotic environment

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FUNCTION OF AN ECOSYSTEM

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Used to subdivide a natural ecosystem

Equivalent of an agricultural plot

Relatively inexpensive

Can be used in many locations

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THE LIMNOCORRAL

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Decrease in numbers
Changes in diversity

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STRUCTURAL EFFECTS TO AN ECOSYSTEM

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Primary production-->Photosynthesis

Community Respiration

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FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS TO AN ECOSYSTEM

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Effects of multiple species can be assessed at the same time

Interactions among species or groups of species can be assessed

Impacts are assessed under "natural" conditions; greater realism increases accuracy of observations and less uncertainity associated with conclusions or interpretations of results

Time to recovery of organisms, populations, and communities can be evaluated

Functional and structural responses can be assessed

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ADVANTAGES OF USING ENCLOSURES

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A treatment in a toxicity test that duplicates all the conditions of the exposure treatments, but contains NO test material

Used to determine the absence of toxicity of basic test conditions (health of organism, quality of water etc.)

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THE CONTROL

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1. Chemical reactivity
2. Structural analogues

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DIRECT ACTING MECHANISMS OF ENDOCRINE MODULATORS

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1. Metabolism to direct acting
2. Endocrine alteration through altered signaling

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INDIRECT ACTING MECHANISMS OF ENDOCRINE MODULATORS

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Where orgranisms show cyclical sensitivity (linked to reproduction)

Release of endocrine modulating substances is non-continuous

Probability of adverse effects is reduced

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EXPOSURE TO NON-PERSISTANT SUBSTANCES

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Exposure is more likely to occur during a sensitive phase

Probability of adverse responses is INCREASED

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EXPOSURE TO PERSISTANT SUBSTANCES

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A self-sustaining community that consists of a dynamic set of living organisms interacting with each other and with their environment

Number of interacting populations of organisms that co-exist in a somewhat stable or predictable manner

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ECOSYSTEM

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Goals for ecological risk assessments and are often management oriented and conceptual in nature

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ASSESSMENT ENDPOINTS

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Specific things that can be measured and that will provide information on whether assessment endpoints are being met, or are likely to be met

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MEASUREMENT ENDPOINTS

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Purpose is to qualitatively or quantitatively evaluate the effects of chemicals on the health of wildlife

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ECOTOXILOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT

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Measure of Responses
--> Overall species richness and density
--> Population densities of indicator species...high information level for monitoring purposes

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STRUCTURE ASSESSMENT ENDPOINTS

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Function in a ecosystem cannot be replaced

Not to be confused with species that society deems important

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KEYSTONE ORGANISMS

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Essential to the continuance of ecosystems

Result of selection imposed by fluctuating and unpredictable environmental conditions

Multiple species are able to preform the same functions

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FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY

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PAR!!!
Problem Formulation
Analysis
Risk Characterization

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FRAMEWORK FOR ERA

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1. Indentify Receptors (people or valued ecosystem)

2. Chemicals of Potential Concern need to be screened to determine if levels exceed guidelines or benchmark values

3. Exposure to pathways need to be identfied

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PROBELM FORMULATION

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Evaluates the evidence linking site COPCs with adverse ecological effects by combining information from the exposure and toxicity assessments

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RISK CHARACTERIZATION

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(dose from all sources/TRV)

Used to relate dose experienced by a VEC to the potential for adverse effects

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HAZARD QUOTIENT

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ADD

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AVERAGE DAILY DOSE

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TRV

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TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUE

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Approach designed to be protective, not predictive

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QUOTIENT METHOD