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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the MOA for Cholecalciferol?
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-increase absorption of calcium from the small intestine
-stimulate bone reabsorption -promote the reabsorption of calcium by renal tubular epithelia |
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In cholecalciferol poisonings, what are tissue receptors responding to?
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-high concentrations of 25-OH metabolite
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What is the destructive effect of the cholecalciferol metabolites?
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-hypercalcemia
-dystrophic calcification |
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What are the systems affected by cholecalciferol?
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GI, renal, cardiac
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What is a typical clinical sign seen with cholecalciferol?
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PU/PD
abnormal ECG |
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What is a general treatment for Cholecalciferol poisoning?
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-fluids, furosemide
-prednisolone (decreases GI uptake and increases renal loss of Ca) (prednisolone and furosemide used for several weeks) -calcitonin + anti-emetic -low Ca diet |
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Is bromethalin more toxic in the cat or dog?
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dog- but dog cases equal cat cases
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What is the mechanism of action of bromethalin?
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-the desmethylbromethalin metabolite is a power uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in CNS
-the Na/K osmotic gradient is weakened and fluid accumulates in myelin sheaths -ultimately causes respiratory arrest |
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With a HIGH dose of bromethalin (above LD50), what is the syndrome in dogs?
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Convulsant syndrome
-loss of bark -anisocoria (different size pupils) -paralysis - rear limb is flaccid while forelimb is rigid -diffuse, white spongiosis of cerebrum |
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With a LOW dose of bromethalin (below LD50), what is the syndrome in dogs?
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Paralytic Syndrome
-vacalization in cats -bladder paralysis in cats hind limb paresis/paralysis -coma -decerebrate posture |
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What is the onset of signs with a high dose of bromethalin?
low dose? |
less than 24 hours
1-5 days |
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What is the main system affected by bromethalin?
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CNS
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What is the treatment for bromethalin poisoning?
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-treat symptoms
-dexamethasone and furosemide to decrease edema -treat seizures with phenobarbital or diazepam -multiple doses of charcol and sorbitol |
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What odor does Zinc Phosphide have?
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fishy or garlic-like
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Is poisoning with Zinc phosphide more common in cats or dogs?
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dogs
-previous meal with HCl acid production increases susceptibility |
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What is the MOA of zinc phosphide?
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-phosphine gas produced in the stomach - phosphine and zinc phosphide absorbed thru the GI tract
-phosphine responsible for most acute effects causing free radical production and blockage of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidases -zinc also causes liver and hepatic problems |
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What systems are affected with zinc phosphide poisoning?
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CNS, respiratory, GI
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What is the treatment for zinc phosphide poisoning?
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Maalox b/c it becomes more toxic with acid
-emetic/gastric lavage if not excited -activated charcoal -fluids with bicarb -glucose -pain meds |
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What two major groups of anticoagulant rodenticides are there?
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-coumarins
-indandiones |
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What is the major difference between warfarin and brodifacoum?
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brodifacoum and other second generation coumarins can kill with one dose
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Are anticoagulant rodenticides highly protein bound?
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yes!
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What is the mechanism of action of vitamin K antagonists?
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-blocks carboxylation of clotting factors and these clotting factors can not bind Ca++
-produces PIVKA |
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What specific enzyme does brodifacoum inhibit?
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vitamin K epoxide reductase
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What systems do vitamin K antagonists affect first?
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hemopoietic (blood), respiratory
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When do onset of bleeding problems occur with vitamin K antagonists?
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2-5 days post ingestion
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What are the 3 primary goals when treating anticoagulant poisoning?
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(1) provide immediate source of clotting factors
(2) generate new functional clotting factors (3) maintain adequate CV support |
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When giving vitamin K1 injections, how do you give it?
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SQ ONLY
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If you give oral vitamin K1, what do you need to provide for absorption?
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fat
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Why do you not use vitamin K3?
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can cause hemolytic anemia
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What is the MOA for strycnine poisoning?
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-binds glycine receptors and removes the neuroinhibitory influence
-causes overstimulation |
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What do Renshaw Cells secrete?
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neuroinhibitory transmitter glycine
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What is the major system affected with strychinine poisoning?
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CNS
-all striated muscle groups are affected and extensors are more powerful therefore predominate |
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What are early clinical signs of strychnine poisoning?
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-onset of 15 minutes to one hour
-saw-horse stance -facial muscles tighten up - grin -blepharospasm - blinking |
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What are late clinical signs of strychnine poisoning?
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tetanic seizures are bilateral and symmetrical
-often initiated by external stimuli such as light, sound, touch -pupils dilated -asphyxiation |
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What is the objective for treatment with strychinine poisoning?
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control(with Na pentobarbital) /prevent convulsions (diazepam) and support respiration
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What is the shake and bake poision?
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metaldehyde
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What are the major systems affected by metaldehyde?
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CNS and GI
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What is the MOA for metaldehyde?
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decrease GABA and seretonin and NE
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What is the onset time for metaldehyde poisoning?
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3 hours
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What are early and late signs of metaldehyde poisoning?
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EARLY
-tremors - shake LATE -nystagmus - esp. in cats -frequent convulsions -severe hyperthermia - bake |
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How would you diagnose metaldehyde poisoning?
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tonic/clonic convulsions and fever
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Can dogs relapse with metaldehyde poisoning?
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yes - a few days later
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What is the best treatment for metaldehyde poisoning?
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treat early and aggressively
-emetics and gastric lavage EARLY -correct acidosis -control symptoms -get thru neurologic phase then go to liver |
