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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 5 toxins found in plants that cause sudden death?
|
Cyanides
Nitrates Toxic alkaloids Cardiac glycosides Bloatagenic plants |
|
What plant is this?
|
-Alfalfa
- |
|
Cyanide poisoning:
Susceptible Species? Pathogenesis? Clinical Signs? Treatment? |
-Ruminants (They have glucosidate, pH 6-7)
-Acute cellular anoxia by blocking cytochrome oxidase -Cherry red blood, mucous membranes and organs, abortion, sudden death -Sodium nitrite and Sodium thiosulfate |
|
When are cyanogenic plants most toxic?
|
New growth after cutting
Rapid growth phases Plant stress |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Where is this plant found? |
Johnson grass (sorghum)
Cyanide Southeastern US *sorghums are among the most cyanogenic |
|
Identify.
Toxin? |
-Sudan grass and sorghum hybrids
-Cyanide and Nitrate |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
Choke Cherry
Cyanide, glycosides Black fruit: Western US Red fruit: Eastern US Ripe fruit is not toxic, leaves, twigs and unripe fruit are |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic |
-Service berry
-cyanide -Intermountain area -Ripe fruit not toxic |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic |
Elderberry
Cyanide Intermountain area Ripe fruit not toxic |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic |
-Mountain mahogany
-Cyanogenic glycosides -Mountain areas -All of it *Deer and elk resistant |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic |
-Arrow grass
-Cyanide -Swampy areas/around ponds -All of it |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic |
-Poison suckleya
-Cyanide -CO, So. Wyomming, Nebraska, Kansas, No. New Mexico -All of it |
|
Identify
Toxin? Parts toxic |
-Blue flax
-Cyanide -Animals won't usually eat it, but the oil is added to feed and is toxic if not treated appropriately |
|
Nitrate poisoning:
Susceptible Species? Pathogenesis? Clinical Signs? Treatment? |
-Ruminants
-Nitrate converted to nitrite in rumen. Nitrite reacts with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin; unable to transport o2, tissue anoxia *They need to ingest a lot for toxicity -resp distress, brown mucous membranes, sudden death, abortion -Methylene blue IV (contraindicated in horses) |
|
When are nitrate containing plants most toxic?
|
-Early morning, cloudy days
-Rapid, young growth phases -After fertilizing |
|
List nitrate containing plants in order of most nitrate content to least
|
Annual weeds
Corn Sorghum cereal grains grasses legumes |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
-Red rooted pig weed
-Nitrates - - |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
-Kochia weed
-Nitrate -In the SW (introduced from Asia -All of it |
|
Identify
Toxin? |
-Lamb's quarter
-Nitrate |
|
Identify
Toxin? |
Russian Thistle (tumble weed)
Nitrate |
|
What are the plants most likely to cause nitrate poisoning?
|
Sudan grass
Oats Corn stalks |
|
Identify
Toxin? |
Sudan grass
nitrate poisoning |
|
Any plant matter containing more that x% of nitrate on a dry matter basis is toxic
|
1%
|
|
Water samples - greater than ___ ppm of nitrate are potentially toxic to cattle.
|
200
|
|
Serum sample - greater than___ ppm nitrate is significant, particularly coupled with finding nitrate accumulating plants nearby.
|
25
|
|
Aqueous sample from eye -__ ppm nitrate is significant, again, providing you couple it with finding plants that accumulate high levels of nitrate.
|
40
|
|
Diagnostics for nitrate poisoning
|
Samples from
-water -plant -Serum -aqueous humor -methemoglobin -Diphenylamine |
|
What is the diphenylamine test?
|
Used to diagnose nitrate poisoning
sulfuric acid and diphenylamine, is applied to the cut surface of the suspect plant material. Within a matter of 5 -10 seconds, it will turn a bright blue/black color if it's high in nitrate. |
|
What feed additive increases nitrate toxicity?
|
Monensin
|
|
What can you do to feed to reduce the amount of nitrate?
|
Ensile it
|
|
If you have feed high in nitrate, who should you NOT feed it to?
|
Horses and pregnant cows
|
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
-Foxglove
-digitalis NW US |
|
ID
|
Yew bush
|
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
Larkspur
-Diterpenoid alkyloid -Western US -all *cattle are attracted to this in early spring before the grass has turned green |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
Larkspur
-Diterpenoid alkyloid -Western US -all *cattle are attracted to this in early spring before the grass has turned green |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
-Low larkspur
-Diterpenoid alkyloid -Western US -All *cattle are attracted to this in early spring before the grass has turned green |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
Tall larkspur
-Diterpenoid alkyloid -Western US -All **tall larkspur is the most toxic of the larkspurs |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
Monk's Hood
-"similar to larkspur" -Western US -All *Looks like larkspur, has a hood and no spur |
|
Pathogenesis and clinical signs associated with diterpenoid alkyloids?
|
It blocks Ach at NMJ
-Muscle weakness, paralysis, tremors, resp failure, death -Bloat to inability to eructate |
|
When are diterpenoid alkyloids at highest concentrations within plants?
|
Early part of the growth cycle of the plant
larkspur less palatable during this time |
|
What species are most susceptible to larkspur poisoning?
Resistant? |
-Cattle are most susceptible
-Sheep are resistant -Horses are somewhere in between |
|
What is the lethal dose of larkspur in cattle?
|
25-40 mg/kg
|
|
What is the treatment for larkspur poisoning?
|
-Relieve bloat
-Physostigmine (secretes Ach @ NMJ) **don't stress |
|
What herbicides can be used to kill larkspur?
|
Picloram, metsulfuron, glyphosate
Graze sheep! |
|
What is the toxic window when referring to larkspur?
|
When the toxicity is declining and the palatability is increasing. These 2 lines intersect in the summer while it is flowering.
most palatable but least toxic during the seed pod phase |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
-Water Hemlock
-Cicutoxin -North America, particularly marshy areas -All, mostly roots |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
-Water Hemlock
-Cicutoxin -North America, particularly marshy areas -All, mostly roots |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
Water Hemlock
-Cicutoxin -North America, particularly marshy areas -All, mostly roots |
|
Identify
Toxin? Location? Parts toxic? |
-Poison Hemlock (aka Spotted Hemlock)
-Coniine (alkyloid) -Everywhere -Root is most toxic |
|
Identify
|
Poison Hemlock
|
|
Identify
|
Poison Hemlock
|
|
Identify
|
Poison Hemlock
|
|
What are some features of poison hemlock?
|
-Also called spotted hemlock because of the purple spots on the stems
-Root is most toxic (single taproot) -Looks like carrot tops, part of the carrot family -Biannual, flowers in 2nd year -Produces lots of seeds |
|
What are the clinical signs of Poison Hemlock ingestion?
|
-Sudden death plant
-violent convulsions -Teratogen/Congenital malformations (organs) -Worse if ingested in first 40-70 days of gestation |
|
What is the antidote for Water Hemlock poisoning?
|
None
|
|
Which of the Hemlocks have a tuberous root?
|
Water Hemlock
|
|
How delicious is Common Showy Milkweed?
|
Not palatable
|
|
Identify
Clinical signs |
Common Showy Milkweed
Non-toxic |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Whorled Milkweed
-Digitalis-like glycosides aka cardenolides -Western US -All species *very toxic |
|
Why is Whorled Milkweed named as such?
|
The narrow leaves come out of one spot in a circular fashion
- |
|
Pathogenesis of Milkweed
|
Cardenolides block Na+-K+ pump
Leads to cardiac arrythmias and death |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Swamp Milkweed
-Cardenolides -Swampy areas - |
|
Identify
|
Whorled Milkweed
|
|
Identify
Toxicity compared to other Milkweeds? Location |
Butterfly Milkweed
*less toxic than others Southeastern US |
|
How is Milkweed toxicity diagnosed?
|
Animals usually found dead
Rumen contents |
|
When are animals most susceptible to Milkweed toxicity
|
Usually during drought, hunger
|
|
Differentials for sudden death?
|
Water poisoning
Anthrax Clostridial infections Lightning strike Water deprivation |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Yellow Oleander or Be Still Tree (not actually an oleander)
-Cardenolides -Hot, dry climates -All species |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Yellow Oleander or Be Still Tree (not actually an oleander)
-Cardenolides -Hot, dry climates -All species |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Oleander
Cardenolides Hot, dry climates All species |
|
What is the toxic dose for Oleander?
|
.0005% Bw
50mg/kg |
|
What is the antidote for Oleander poisoning?
|
None
supportive care with high K+ fluids |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Dog bane
Cardenolide Grows along water ways *Characteristic seed pods, **Not grazed unless animals are starving |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Lily of The Valley
Cardenolide * Not usually a problem unless someone cleaning up the yard throws trimmings into an enclosure |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Foxglove
-Digitalis (cardiac glycoside/cardenolide) -Northwest US - |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Foxglove
-Digitalis (cardiac glycosie/cardenolide) -NW US |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Yew bush
-Alkaloid taxine -Mostly coastal areas, acidic soils -Mostly cattle and horses *most toxic while plant is dormant |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Yew bush
-Alkaloid taxine -Mostly coastal areas, acidic soils -Mostly cattle and horses *most toxic while plant is dormant |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Yew bush
-Alkaloid taxine -Mostly coastal areas, acidic soils -Mostly cattle and horses *most toxic while plant is dormant |
|
Alkaloid taxine
-Name the plants with this toxic Pathogenesis? Clinical signs? Antedote? |
-Cardiovascular effects (similar to cardiac glycosides)
-Tremors, arrythmia, sudden death -No antedote Yew bush |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Species? |
Death Cama
-Steroidal alkyloids -Common problem for sheep *bulb and young plant are most toxic |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Species? |
Death Cama
-Steroidal alkyloids -Common problem for sheep *bulb and young plant are most toxic |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Species? |
Death Cama
-Steroidal alkyloids -Common problem for sheep *bulb and young plant are most toxic |
|
Steroidal alkyloids
What plant is associated with this toxin? What is the antedote? Clinical signs? Diagnosis? |
-Death camas
-No antedote, atropine might help -Hypotension, sudden death -Finding plant in rumen contents |
|
How much death cama needs to be ingested for toxicity?
|
2-2.5 pounds to cause death in sheep
|
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Guatamalan avocado
Toxin unknown Psittancine, ostriches, fishes, horses, goats and cattle Skin, leaves and pit are toxic |
|
What are the clinical signs of avocado toxicity?
|
Cardiomyopathy, resulting in edema of the head and neck. It can also be the cause of sudden death. Interestingly, in lactating animals, avocado causes a non-infections mastitis
|
|
What species are photosensitive?
|
Horses
Cows Sheep Pigs **Non-pigmented skin only |
|
How does photosensitization occur?
|
Plant compounds (pigments) are ingested by animals, and the absorbed compounds fluoresce when ultraviolet light strikes the capillaries of non pigmented skin to produce vascular damage, inflammation and necrosis of the skin.
|
|
What are the 2 plants that are most likely to cause photosensitization?
|
St. John's Wort
Buckwheat |
|
What do the following plants cause?
Bishop's weed Spring parsley Rain lily Dutchman's breeches Phenothiazine Sulfonamides Tetracyclines |
Photosensitization
|
|
Identify
What does it cause? |
St. John's Wort
Photosensitization (primary) |
|
Identify
|
St. John's Wort
Primary photosensitizer |
|
Identify
|
St. John's Wort
Primary photosensitizer |
|
Identify
What does it cause |
Buckwheat
Photosensitization |
|
Identify
What parts are toxic? |
Buckwheat
Stems and leaves, not seeds |
|
What other usually safe plant can cause photosensitization?
How does this happen? |
Leafy Alfalfa and green pasture
The sudden rush of chlorophyl results in the animal's liver being unable to handle the resulting sudden increase in phyloerythrin. Plyloerythrin is a metabolyte of chlorophyl, and like other plant pigments is photoreactive and causes photosensitivity. |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Poison Ivy
Irritating compounds causing allergic photosensitivty ? People and dogs |
|
What is the difference between primary and secondary photosensitivity?
|
Secondary is worse. pyrrolizidine alkaloids: liver converts them into toxic pyrroles, which are potent protein synthesis inhibitors, that stop cell mitosis. The liver cannot regenerate hepatocytes and tries to compensate by creating large hepatocytes (megalocytes). Fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia result.
*SECONDARY: PHOTOSENSITIVITY IS SECONDARY TO LIVER DZ |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Sencio (aka tansy/ragwort)
- pyrrolizidine alkaloids/Photosensitizers -Colorado -All animals/humans |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Hounds Tongue
- phyloerrythrin/Photosensitizers -Colorado, western slope -Cattle, only palatable when dry. All animals/humans *severe liver disease and secondary photosensitization |
|
ID
|
Hounds Tongue (2nd year)
|
|
How do you determine if an animal has primary or secondary photosensitization?
|
Check for signs of liver disease. Icterus, weight loss, elevated liver enzymes, hypoproteinemia, etc.
Animal with primary photosensitization will not have signs of liver dz |
|
What are the hallmark histologic signs of liver dz?
|
Fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia and megalocytosis (large, strange looking hepatocytes)
|
|
If you see the hallmark signs of liver disease, what other than secondary photosensitization should you rule out?
|
Aflatoxin causes liver dz
Aflatoxins are not in forages, but can be found in dog food |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? |
Rattle pod
pyrrolizidine alkaloids SE US |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? |
Rattle pod
pyrrolizidine alkaloids SE US |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? |
Fiddle neck
pyrrolizidine alkaloids SW US |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? |
Blue weed
pyrrolizidine alkaloids NE US |
|
Identify.
Toxin? |
Heliotrope
pyrrolizidine alkaloids |
|
Identify.
Toxin? |
Comfrey
pyrrolizidine alkaloids |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Alsike Clover
Unknown fungal toxin *causes secondary photosensitization, legume, fed to livestock |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Tansy mustard
Toxin unknown-secondary photosensitivty *first green plant in spring makes it more attractive |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Agave
phylloerythrin (metabolite of chlorophyl) backs up in blood-also saponins that produce cholestasis and secondary photosensitization. SW Cattle and sheep |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Bear grass
saponins that produce cholestasis and secondary photosensitization. |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Lantana
saponins causing secondary photosensitization due to cholestasis. AZ |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Puncture vine, goat head, caltrop
associated with photosensitization US |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Horsebrush
tetradymol (photosensitization and abortion) Western US Sheep Only effects sheep |
|
Treatment of photosensitization
|
get animal out of sun
remove offending food source Low protein, high energy diet abx very poor prognosis for secondary photosens. |
|
ID
|
Alsike clover
secondary photosensitization |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Black Walnut Tree
-Juglone -SE US -Horses *ONly wood and bark is toxic, nuts and fruit are fine |
|
ID
|
Black walnut tree
*Dogs can have a problem with it if they eat moldy walnuts with mycotoxin-->hepatotoxicity |
|
What is the mechanism of toxicity behind black walnut bark?
|
Juglone is a vasoconstrictor absorbed from the shavings via skin or lungs. Causing laminitis within 24 hours
The shavings do not need to be ingested |
|
Wood shavings other than Black Walnut that are toxic to horses
|
English Walnut
Butternut Butterwood |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Hoary Alyssum
-Toxin unknown -Midwest *causes edematous swelling of lower leg, laminitis, lameness, hypovolemic shock, abortion |
|
Signs of Hoary Alyssum toxicity
|
Edema in legs, lameness, transient fever, diarrhea
|
|
ID
|
Hoary Alyssum
|
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Cat's Ears
- -NE US -Horses develop hindlimb lameness |
|
Name the selenium containing plants
|
Prince's Plum
Woody Aster Two-grooved Milk Vetch |
|
ID
|
Prince's Plum
|
|
ID
|
Woody Aster
|
|
Identify.
What does the presence of this plant mean? |
**Selenium rich soils
|
|
To which plant do these pods belong?
|
2 grooved milk vetch
|
|
ID
What does the presence of this plant mean? |
Paint brush
selenium rich soil |
|
ID
|
Paint Brush
Selenium indicator |
|
ID
|
Beard Tongue
Selenium indicator |
|
ID
|
Beard Tongue
Selenium indicator |
|
ID
|
Salt Brush
Selenium indicator |
|
ID
|
Gum Weed
Selenium indicator |
|
What are the signs of macadamia toxicity in dogs?
Tx? |
Hindlimb weakness, deression, vomiting, hyperthermia, ataxia, tremors
Emesis and activated charcoal-recovery in 48 hours |
|
What is the toxic dose of macademia nuts in dogs?
|
2.5gm/kg
|
|
Clinical signs for ingestion of this plant
|
Hops
Malignant hyperthermia, nervousness, panting, red membranes, whimpering, seizures, apnea, dark-brown urine Death in hours after signs appear Tx. – symptomatic – Prognosis poor |
|
What is the mechanism of action behind lectins?
|
Prevent cellular protein synthesis
|
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Castor Beans
Lectins, contains ricin *tiny dose required for toxicity |
|
Clinical signs of lectin toxicity
|
(1-2 day lag period)
Initially, Pyrexia, Depression, Anorexia, Colic Progress to vomiting, weakness, hemorrhagic Diarrhea |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Rosary pea
Lectin Tropical countries and FL |
|
Identify.
Toxin? Location? Species? |
Black locust
Lectin |
|
Lectin toxicity tx
|
Emesis, catharsis
activated charcoal fluid/lyte therapy vitamin c antitoxin for ricin, rare |
|
What are 4 ways loco weeds can cause toxicity
|
-Swainsonine
-Miserotoxins -Selenium accumulators -Photosensitivity |
|
What are the effects of swainsonine?
|
Locoism
Endophyte (fungus) on plant produces swainsonine Lysosomal storage dz Highes in flowers and seeds |
|
What are the clinical signs of locoism?
|
CNS signs –”locoism”
Reproductive failure Abortions Congenital defects (crooked legs) Hydrops Reduced fertility Poor growth rates (can mimic Bovine Virus Diarrhea) Congestive heart failure Lowered immune response |
|
What species are effected by swainsonine toxicity?
|
Horses, cattle, sheep, goats, elk and cats
|
|
How much locoweed needs to be consumed to cause locoism?
|
A lot, over a long period of time
|
|
There is an associate between high mountain disease/congestive heart failure and consumption of ___________.
|
Locoweed
|
|
How do you diagonse swainsonine toxicity?
|
Vacuoles in lymphocytes, lungs, placenta
Swainsonine serology Elevated AP, AST, LDH Reduced T3/T4, protein Stomach ulcers |
|
How do you treat locoism?
|
No treatment, remove from locoweeds
remove locoweed eaters |
|
ID
Location |
White loco
western Canada, Montana, North Dakota, and western Minnesota. South to Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. |
|
ID
Location? |
Purple loco
Minnesota to Saskatchewan and southward to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma. |
|
ID
Location |
Wooly Loco
Southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska, and southeastern Wyoming; southward to northwest Texas and eastern New Mexico |
|
ID
Location |
Spotted Loco
Western Colorado, central New Mexico, westward to Arizonia, California, Nevada, north Idaho, Montana, Utah. |
|
What type of poisoning is associated with this locoweed?
|
Miserotoxin
|
|
Cracker Heels caused by what plant? Toxin?
|
Miserotoxin from locoweed (Astragalus)
Causes cracker heels and roaring Nitrate poisoning |
|
What are the clinical signs of sage brush toxicity?
|
Horses: depressed, walk in circles, stumble ‘looks like locoweed poisoning’
Nonspecific degenerative encephalopathy More lame in forelimbs, hindlimbs can look normal They recover in a few days |
|
What is the toxin in Sag brush?
|
Monoterpenes, similar to absynthe
|
|
ID
|
Sagebrush
|
|
ID
|
Sagebrush
|
|
Identify
Toxin? |
Sleepy grass
leaves may be infected with the Lysergic Acid (LSA)-containing Acremonium species of endophyte. - Acts as a CNS depressant Horses only |
|
What are the clinical signs of sleepy grass toxicity?
|
Chewing disease
aspiration pneumonia circling head tossing anorexia, dehydration dopaminergic pathways Cranial nerves V, VII, IX affected Irreversible Horses only |
|
What is equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia?
|
Irreversible brain lesions from consumption of yellow star thistle and Russian knapweed
Hypertonicity of mm, ataxia and chewing dz |
|
ID
Toxin? |
Russian knapweed
LSA-endophyte Horses only |
|
ID
Toxin Location? |
Yellow star thistle
LSA/endophyte Colorado, california Horses only |
|
ID
Toxin Location? |
Yellow star thistle
LSA/endophyte Colorado, california Horses only |
|
What did this horse eat?
|
Yellow star thistle or Russian knapweed
|
|
ID
What is the primary toxin? |
Brakenfern
Thiaminase and Ptaquiloside |
|
How much Brakenfern is required for toxicity?
|
A lot. Poisoning after eating 2‑3% of their body weight of bracken fern for 30 days or more.
Thiaminase passed transmammary |
|
What are the clinical signs of brackenfern toxicity?
|
Depression, ataxia, hindlimb paralysis. Horses are usually constipated, occasionally slightly anemic, and often have a normal temperature and slow heart rate
Acute hemorrhaging Bone marrow destruction Ulceration of upper GI Progessive Retinal Degeneration Bladder & upper GI Cancer Enzootic hematuria |
|
How do you treat bracken fern toxicity
|
Thiamine and supportive care
|
|
What is elevated in horses with brakenfern toxicity?
Prognosis |
Pyruvic acid
Poor |
|
What does Ptaquiloside do? What plant is it in?
|
Present in Brackenfern
Alkaline pH activates carcinogenic dienone Passed through the milk Young growing parts most toxic Toxic when dry |
|
ID
Toxin? |
Horsetail
Ptaquiloside-like |
|
ID
Toxin? |
Buckeye Tree
Glycosides-Aesculin, Fraxin alkaloid |
|
ID
Toxin? |
Chestnut shrub'
Glycosides-Aesculin, Fraxin alkaloid |
|
ID
Toxin? |
Red Buckeye
Glycosides-Aesculin, Fraxin alkaloid |
|
What are the clinical signs of Buckeye toxicity?
|
Simple stomached Vomiting, gastroenteritis
Ruminants – neurological signs *Severe cases Hyperglycemia Glucosurea Proteinuria |
|
How do you treat buckeye toxicity?
|
laxatives
IV calcium gluconate and dextrose helpful |
|
What are the clinical signs of nicotine toxicity?
|
CNS, cardiovascular, skeletal, GI tract, teratogen
Early phase - abdominal pain, hypertension, tachycardia, miosis, and tremors Late phase – hypotension, bradycardia, dyspnea, mydriasis, coma and respiratory failure |
|
How do you treat reproductive toxins
|
No treatment, damage done
|
|
What plants are associated with crooked calf disease (MCC)?
|
Tobacco
Lupine Poison hemlock |
|
At what stages of pregnancy would you see cleft palate and crooked calf dz after ingestion of tobacco, lupine or poison hemlock?
|
Clef palate: 30-50-days
Crooked calf dz: 50-100 |
|
What are the signs associated with ingesting this plant?
|
Abortion
limb deformities Enlarged heart/thyroid (sheep) 60-90d Milk Vetch (aka locoweed) |
|
What toxin in locoweeds is responsible for abortion and teratogenic effects?
|
Nitro-glycosides
Not the toxic alkaloids or selenium |
|
What is the alkaloid in poison hemlock that causes teratogenic effects?
|
Coniine
Crooked legs, neck, spine, cleft palate |
|
What species are least effected by the teratogenic effects of coniine? Most effected?
|
Horses and sheep not effected with teratogenic effects
pigs are most susceptible to teratogenic effects of coniine |
|
Coniine is similar to ______ and has similar effects on the _____.
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Coniine is similar to nicotine and has similar effects on the CNS.
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What are the 3 lupine poisoning syndromes?
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Neurotoxic syndrome (sheep)
Teratogenic (cattle) Lupinosis (mycotoxin-->liver) |
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Id
Toxin Clinical signs Which stage most toxic? |
Lupine, blue bonnet
quinolzidine and piperidine alkaloids neurotoxic, teratogenic, mycotoxin Live and dry forms equally toxic |
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Id
Toxin Clinical signs Which stage most toxic? |
Lupine, blue bonnet
quinolzidine and piperidine alkaloids neurotoxic, teratogenic, mycotoxin Live and dry forms equally toxic |
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What is the toxic dose of quinolzidine and piperidine alkaloids
What plant contains these compounds? |
.5-1 kg/day
Lupine plants |
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ID
Toxin |
Tobacco tree
nicotine (neurotoxin) piperidine alkaloid (nAchR agonist) Teratogenic |
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ID
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tobacco plant
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What are the veratrum species and what toxin is present?
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Skunk cabbage, western false hellebore and corn lily
Jervanine alkaloids Cyclopamine Cyclopasine |
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What are the consequences of ingesting a veratrum plant?
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Teratogenic, cyclopia
Sheep, cattle & goats |
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What plant most likely caused this? Why? During what point in gestation?
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Veratrum (false hellebore)
13-14th days of gestation Interrupts hedgehog signaling pathway |
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Toxin?
Consequences? Species? |
Isocupressic acid
Pine needle abortion, Inhibits uterine blood flow Infertility, renal and muscle degeneration Cattle and bison (not sheep) |
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ID
Toxin Consequences Species |
Broom Snakeweed
Triterpene Sapononins Abortion, liver disease, anorexia, hematuria, tubular nephrosis Cattle, sheep, horses |
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How much Broom Snakeweed needs to be ingested for toxicity?
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3-10% of BW
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ID
Toxin Consequences Species |
Red Clover
Phyloestrogens Loss of libido, lowers fertility Sheep especially sensitive |
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What are the main consequences of Zearalenone? What plants contain them?
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Male infertility, testicular atrophy
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin found in corn and other grains |
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What are the main consequences of Gossypol? What plants contain it?
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Gossypol found in cotton seed. Binds protein and Fe-->oxidative species
MOA Myocardial & hepatic necrosis Pulmonary edema Protein malnutrition Reduced sperm counts and motility Females less affected MONOGASTRICS effected most |
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What plant/toxin causes a goiter?
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Can be from iodine deficiency secondary to nitrogenic plants
Also Flixweed: glucosinolates are hydrolyzed to sugars, sulfates, nitriles, and isothiocyanates/thiocyanates. |
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What is the mycotoxin associated with excess salivation? What plant is it found in?
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slaframine, an indolizidine alkaloid
Grows on Red Clover |
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What does Ranunculin cause and what plant contains it?
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Oily glycoside causes mucosal irritation and blisters in the mouth
Found in the ButterCup plants |
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Which plants cause gas accumulation and abdominal distention?
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Alfalfa and yellow sweet clover
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Id
What is the problem associated with this plant? |
Orange sneeze weed
Causes vomiting and potentially aspiration pneumonia leading to death Bitter weed also does the same thing and looks similar |
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ID
Associated problem? |
Morning Glory
Tropane alkaloids; atropine-like action Bradycardia GI stasis |
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ID
Associated problem? |
Morning Glory
Tropane alkaloids; atropine-like action Bradycardia GI stasis |