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216 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the 5 toxins found in plants that cause sudden death?
Cyanides
Nitrates
Toxic alkaloids
Cardiac glycosides
Bloatagenic plants
What plant is this?
What plant is this?
-Alfalfa
-
Cyanide poisoning:
Susceptible Species?
Pathogenesis?
Clinical Signs?
Treatment?
-Ruminants (They have glucosidate, pH 6-7)
-Acute cellular anoxia by blocking cytochrome oxidase
-Cherry red blood, mucous membranes and organs, abortion, sudden death
-Sodium nitrite and Sodium thiosulfate
When are cyanogenic plants most toxic?
New growth after cutting
Rapid growth phases
Plant stress
Identify.
Where is this plant found?
Identify.
Toxin?
Where is this plant found?
Johnson grass (sorghum)
Cyanide
Southeastern US

*sorghums are among the most cyanogenic
Identify.
Toxin?
Identify.
Toxin?
-Sudan grass and sorghum hybrids
-Cyanide and Nitrate
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Choke Cherry
Cyanide, glycosides
Black fruit: Western US
Red fruit: Eastern US
Ripe fruit is not toxic, leaves, twigs and unripe fruit are
Choke Cherry
Cyanide, glycosides
Black fruit: Western US
Red fruit: Eastern US
Ripe fruit is not toxic, leaves, twigs and unripe fruit are
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic
-Service berry
-cyanide
-Intermountain area
-Ripe fruit not toxic
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic
Elderberry
Cyanide
Intermountain area
Ripe fruit not toxic
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic
-Mountain mahogany
-Cyanogenic glycosides
-Mountain areas
-All of it
*Deer and elk resistant
-Mountain mahogany
-Cyanogenic glycosides
-Mountain areas
-All of it
*Deer and elk resistant
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic
-Arrow grass
-Cyanide
-Swampy areas/around ponds
-All of it
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic
-Poison suckleya
-Cyanide
-CO, So. Wyomming, Nebraska, Kansas, No. New Mexico
-All of it
-Poison suckleya
-Cyanide
-CO, So. Wyomming, Nebraska, Kansas, No. New Mexico
-All of it
Identify
Toxin?
Parts toxic
Identify
Toxin?
Parts toxic
-Blue flax
-Cyanide
-Animals won't usually eat it, but the oil is added to feed and is toxic if not treated appropriately
-Blue flax
-Cyanide
-Animals won't usually eat it, but the oil is added to feed and is toxic if not treated appropriately
Nitrate poisoning:
Susceptible Species?
Pathogenesis?
Clinical Signs?
Treatment?
-Ruminants
-Nitrate converted to nitrite in rumen. Nitrite reacts with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin; unable to transport o2, tissue anoxia
*They need to ingest a lot for toxicity
-resp distress, brown mucous membranes, sudden death, abortion
-Methylene blue IV (contraindicated in horses)
When are nitrate containing plants most toxic?
-Early morning, cloudy days
-Rapid, young growth phases
-After fertilizing
List nitrate containing plants in order of most nitrate content to least
Annual weeds
Corn
Sorghum
cereal grains
grasses
legumes
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
-Red rooted pig weed
-Nitrates
-
-
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
-Kochia weed
-Nitrate
-In the SW (introduced from Asia
-All of it
-Kochia weed
-Nitrate
-In the SW (introduced from Asia
-All of it
Identify
Toxin?
Identify
Toxin?
-Lamb's quarter
-Nitrate
Identify
Toxin?
Identify
Toxin?
Russian Thistle (tumble weed)
Nitrate
What are the plants most likely to cause nitrate poisoning?
Sudan grass
Oats
Corn stalks
Identify
Toxin?
Identify
Toxin?
Sudan grass
nitrate poisoning
Any plant matter containing more that x% of nitrate on a dry matter basis is toxic
1%
Water samples - greater than ___ ppm of nitrate are potentially toxic to cattle.
200
Serum sample - greater than___ ppm nitrate is significant, particularly coupled with finding nitrate accumulating plants nearby.
25
Aqueous sample from eye -__ ppm nitrate is significant, again, providing you couple it with finding plants that accumulate high levels of nitrate.
40
Diagnostics for nitrate poisoning
Samples from
-water
-plant
-Serum
-aqueous humor
-methemoglobin
-Diphenylamine
What is the diphenylamine test?
Used to diagnose nitrate poisoning
sulfuric acid and diphenylamine, is applied to the cut surface of the suspect plant material. Within a matter of 5 -10 seconds, it will turn a bright blue/black color if it's high in nitrate.
What feed additive increases nitrate toxicity?
Monensin
What can you do to feed to reduce the amount of nitrate?
Ensile it
If you have feed high in nitrate, who should you NOT feed it to?
Horses and pregnant cows
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
-Foxglove
-digitalis
NW US
fd
ID
Yew bush
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Larkspur
-Diterpenoid alkyloid
-Western US
-all
*cattle are attracted to this in early spring before the grass has turned green
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Larkspur
-Diterpenoid alkyloid
-Western US
-all
*cattle are attracted to this in early spring before the grass has turned green
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
-Low larkspur
-Diterpenoid alkyloid
-Western US
-All
*cattle are attracted to this in early spring before the grass has turned green
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Tall larkspur
-Diterpenoid alkyloid
-Western US
-All
**tall larkspur is the most toxic of the larkspurs
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Monk's Hood
-"similar to larkspur"
-Western US
-All
*Looks like larkspur, has a hood and no spur
Pathogenesis and clinical signs associated with diterpenoid alkyloids?
It blocks Ach at NMJ
-Muscle weakness, paralysis, tremors, resp failure, death
-Bloat to inability to eructate
When are diterpenoid alkyloids at highest concentrations within plants?
Early part of the growth cycle of the plant

larkspur less palatable during this time
What species are most susceptible to larkspur poisoning?

Resistant?
-Cattle are most susceptible

-Sheep are resistant

-Horses are somewhere in between
What is the lethal dose of larkspur in cattle?
25-40 mg/kg
What is the treatment for larkspur poisoning?
-Relieve bloat
-Physostigmine (secretes Ach @ NMJ)

**don't stress
What herbicides can be used to kill larkspur?
Picloram, metsulfuron, glyphosate

Graze sheep!
What is the toxic window when referring to larkspur?
When the toxicity is declining and the palatability is increasing. These 2 lines intersect in the summer while it is flowering.

most palatable but least toxic during the seed pod phase
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
-Water Hemlock
-Cicutoxin
-North America, particularly marshy areas
-All, mostly roots
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
-Water Hemlock
-Cicutoxin
-North America, particularly marshy areas
-All, mostly roots
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Water Hemlock
-Cicutoxin
-North America, particularly marshy areas
-All, mostly roots
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
Identify
Toxin?
Location?
Parts toxic?
-Poison Hemlock (aka Spotted Hemlock)
-Coniine (alkyloid)
-Everywhere
-Root is most toxic
Identify
Identify
Poison Hemlock
Identify
Identify
Poison Hemlock
Identify
Identify
Poison Hemlock
What are some features of poison hemlock?
-Also called spotted hemlock because of the purple spots on the stems
-Root is most toxic (single taproot)
-Looks like carrot tops, part of the carrot family
-Biannual, flowers in 2nd year
-Produces lots of seeds
What are the clinical signs of Poison Hemlock ingestion?
-Sudden death plant
-violent convulsions
-Teratogen/Congenital malformations (organs)
-Worse if ingested in first 40-70 days of gestation
What is the antidote for Water Hemlock poisoning?
None
Which of the Hemlocks have a tuberous root?
Water Hemlock
How delicious is Common Showy Milkweed?
Not palatable
Identify
Clinical signs
Identify
Clinical signs
Common Showy Milkweed
Non-toxic
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Whorled Milkweed
-Digitalis-like glycosides aka cardenolides
-Western US
-All species

*very toxic
Why is Whorled Milkweed named as such?
The narrow leaves come out of one spot in a circular fashion
-
Pathogenesis of Milkweed
Cardenolides block Na+-K+ pump
Leads to cardiac arrythmias and death
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Swamp Milkweed
-Cardenolides
-Swampy areas
-
Identify
Identify
Whorled Milkweed
Identify
Toxicity compared to other Milkweeds?
Location
Identify
Toxicity compared to other Milkweeds?
Location
Butterfly Milkweed

*less toxic than others
Southeastern US
How is Milkweed toxicity diagnosed?
Animals usually found dead
Rumen contents
When are animals most susceptible to Milkweed toxicity
Usually during drought, hunger
Differentials for sudden death?
Water poisoning
Anthrax
Clostridial infections
Lightning strike
Water deprivation
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Yellow Oleander or Be Still Tree (not actually an oleander)
-Cardenolides
-Hot, dry climates
-All species
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Yellow Oleander or Be Still Tree (not actually an oleander)
-Cardenolides
-Hot, dry climates
-All species
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Oleander
Cardenolides
Hot, dry climates
All species
What is the toxic dose for Oleander?
.0005% Bw
50mg/kg
What is the antidote for Oleander poisoning?
None
supportive care with high K+ fluids
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Dog bane
Cardenolide
Grows along water ways

*Characteristic seed pods,
**Not grazed unless animals are starving
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Lily of The Valley
Cardenolide


* Not usually a problem unless someone cleaning up the yard throws trimmings into an enclosure
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Foxglove
-Digitalis (cardiac glycoside/cardenolide)
-Northwest US
-
gg
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Foxglove
-Digitalis (cardiac glycosie/cardenolide)
-NW US
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Yew bush
-Alkaloid taxine
-Mostly coastal areas, acidic soils
-Mostly cattle and horses

*most toxic while plant is dormant
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Yew bush
-Alkaloid taxine
-Mostly coastal areas, acidic soils
-Mostly cattle and horses

*most toxic while plant is dormant
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Yew bush
-Alkaloid taxine
-Mostly coastal areas, acidic soils
-Mostly cattle and horses

*most toxic while plant is dormant
Alkaloid taxine
-Name the plants with this toxic
Pathogenesis?
Clinical signs?
Antedote?
-Cardiovascular effects (similar to cardiac glycosides)
-Tremors, arrythmia, sudden death
-No antedote

Yew bush
Identify.
Toxin?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Species?
Death Cama
-Steroidal alkyloids
-Common problem for sheep

*bulb and young plant are most toxic
Identify.
Toxin?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Species?
Death Cama
-Steroidal alkyloids
-Common problem for sheep

*bulb and young plant are most toxic
Identify.
Toxin?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Species?
Death Cama
-Steroidal alkyloids
-Common problem for sheep

*bulb and young plant are most toxic
Steroidal alkyloids
What plant is associated with this toxin?
What is the antedote?
Clinical signs?
Diagnosis?
-Death camas
-No antedote, atropine might help
-Hypotension, sudden death
-Finding plant in rumen contents
How much death cama needs to be ingested for toxicity?
2-2.5 pounds to cause death in sheep
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Guatamalan avocado
Toxin unknown
Psittancine, ostriches, fishes, horses, goats and cattle
Skin, leaves and pit are toxic
What are the clinical signs of avocado toxicity?
Cardiomyopathy, resulting in edema of the head and neck. It can also be the cause of sudden death. Interestingly, in lactating animals, avocado causes a non-infections mastitis
What species are photosensitive?
Horses
Cows
Sheep
Pigs
**Non-pigmented skin only
How does photosensitization occur?
Plant compounds (pigments) are ingested by animals, and the absorbed compounds fluoresce when ultraviolet light strikes the capillaries of non pigmented skin to produce vascular damage, inflammation and necrosis of the skin.
What are the 2 plants that are most likely to cause photosensitization?
St. John's Wort
Buckwheat
What do the following plants cause?
Bishop's weed
Spring parsley
Rain lily
Dutchman's breeches
Phenothiazine
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Photosensitization
Identify
What does it cause?
Identify
What does it cause?
St. John's Wort
Photosensitization (primary)
Identify
Identify
St. John's Wort
Primary photosensitizer
Identify
Identify
St. John's Wort
Primary photosensitizer
Identify
What does it cause
Identify
What does it cause
Buckwheat
Photosensitization
Identify
What parts are toxic?
Identify
What parts are toxic?
Buckwheat
Stems and leaves, not seeds
What other usually safe plant can cause photosensitization?

How does this happen?
Leafy Alfalfa and green pasture

The sudden rush of chlorophyl results in the animal's liver being unable to handle the resulting sudden increase in phyloerythrin. Plyloerythrin is a metabolyte of chlorophyl, and like other plant pigments is photoreactive and causes photosensitivity.
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Poison Ivy
Irritating compounds causing allergic photosensitivty
?
People and dogs
What is the difference between primary and secondary photosensitivity?
Secondary is worse. pyrrolizidine alkaloids: liver converts them into toxic pyrroles, which are potent protein synthesis inhibitors, that stop cell mitosis. The liver cannot regenerate hepatocytes and tries to compensate by creating large hepatocytes (megalocytes). Fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia result.

*SECONDARY: PHOTOSENSITIVITY IS SECONDARY TO LIVER DZ
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Sencio (aka tansy/ragwort)
- pyrrolizidine alkaloids/Photosensitizers
-Colorado
-All animals/humans
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Hounds Tongue
- phyloerrythrin/Photosensitizers
-Colorado, western slope
-Cattle, only palatable when dry. All animals/humans

*severe liver disease and secondary photosensitization
ID
ID
Hounds Tongue (2nd year)
How do you determine if an animal has primary or secondary photosensitization?
Check for signs of liver disease. Icterus, weight loss, elevated liver enzymes, hypoproteinemia, etc.

Animal with primary photosensitization will not have signs of liver dz
What are the hallmark histologic signs of liver dz?
Fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia and megalocytosis (large, strange looking hepatocytes)
If you see the hallmark signs of liver disease, what other than secondary photosensitization should you rule out?
Aflatoxin causes liver dz

Aflatoxins are not in forages, but can be found in dog food
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Rattle pod
pyrrolizidine alkaloids
SE US
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Rattle pod
pyrrolizidine alkaloids
SE US
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Fiddle neck
pyrrolizidine alkaloids
SW US
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Blue weed
pyrrolizidine alkaloids
NE US
Identify.
Toxin?
Identify.
Toxin?
Heliotrope
pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Identify.
Toxin?
Identify.
Toxin?
Comfrey
pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Alsike Clover
Unknown fungal toxin


*causes secondary photosensitization, legume, fed to livestock
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Tansy mustard
Toxin unknown-secondary photosensitivty


*first green plant in spring makes it more attractive
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Agave
phylloerythrin (metabolite of chlorophyl) backs up in blood-also saponins that produce cholestasis and secondary photosensitization.
SW
Cattle and sheep
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Bear grass
saponins that produce cholestasis and secondary photosensitization.
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Lantana
saponins causing secondary photosensitization due to cholestasis.
AZ
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Puncture vine, goat head, caltrop
associated with photosensitization
US
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Horsebrush
tetradymol (photosensitization and abortion)
Western US
Sheep


Only effects sheep
Treatment of photosensitization
get animal out of sun
remove offending food source
Low protein, high energy diet
abx
very poor prognosis for secondary photosens.
ID
ID
Alsike clover
secondary photosensitization
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Black Walnut Tree
-Juglone
-SE US
-Horses
*ONly wood and bark is toxic, nuts and fruit are fine
ID
ID
Black walnut tree

*Dogs can have a problem with it if they eat moldy walnuts with mycotoxin-->hepatotoxicity
What is the mechanism of toxicity behind black walnut bark?
Juglone is a vasoconstrictor absorbed from the shavings via skin or lungs. Causing laminitis within 24 hours

The shavings do not need to be ingested
Wood shavings other than Black Walnut that are toxic to horses
English Walnut
Butternut
Butterwood
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Hoary Alyssum
-Toxin unknown
-Midwest

*causes edematous swelling of lower leg, laminitis, lameness, hypovolemic shock, abortion
Signs of Hoary Alyssum toxicity
Edema in legs, lameness, transient fever, diarrhea
ID
ID
Hoary Alyssum
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Cat's Ears
-
-NE US
-Horses develop hindlimb lameness
Name the selenium containing plants
Prince's Plum
Woody Aster
Two-grooved Milk Vetch
ID
ID
Prince's Plum
ID
ID
Woody Aster
Identify.
What does the presence of this plant mean?
Identify.
What does the presence of this plant mean?
**Selenium rich soils
To which plant do these pods belong?
To which plant do these pods belong?
2 grooved milk vetch
ID
What does the presence of this plant mean?
ID
What does the presence of this plant mean?
Paint brush

selenium rich soil
ID
ID
Paint Brush

Selenium indicator
ID
ID
Beard Tongue

Selenium indicator
ID
ID
Beard Tongue

Selenium indicator
ID
ID
Salt Brush

Selenium indicator
ID
ID
Gum Weed

Selenium indicator
What are the signs of macadamia toxicity in dogs?

Tx?
Hindlimb weakness, deression, vomiting, hyperthermia, ataxia, tremors

Emesis and activated charcoal-recovery in 48 hours
What is the toxic dose of macademia nuts in dogs?
2.5gm/kg
Clinical signs for ingestion of this plant
Clinical signs for ingestion of this plant
Hops
Malignant hyperthermia, nervousness, panting, red membranes, whimpering, seizures, apnea, dark-brown urine
Death in hours after signs appear
Tx. – symptomatic – Prognosis poor
What is the mechanism of action behind lectins?
Prevent cellular protein synthesis
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Castor Beans
Lectins, contains ricin


*tiny dose required for toxicity
Clinical signs of lectin toxicity
(1-2 day lag period)
Initially, Pyrexia, Depression, Anorexia, Colic
Progress to vomiting, weakness, hemorrhagic Diarrhea
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Rosary pea
Lectin
Tropical countries and FL
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Identify.
Toxin?
Location?
Species?
Black locust
Lectin
Lectin toxicity tx
Emesis, catharsis
activated charcoal
fluid/lyte therapy
vitamin c
antitoxin for ricin, rare
What are 4 ways loco weeds can cause toxicity
-Swainsonine
-Miserotoxins
-Selenium accumulators
-Photosensitivity
What are the effects of swainsonine?
Locoism
Endophyte (fungus) on plant produces swainsonine
Lysosomal storage dz
Highes in flowers and seeds
What are the clinical signs of locoism?
CNS signs –”locoism”
Reproductive failure
Abortions
Congenital defects (crooked legs)
Hydrops
Reduced fertility
Poor growth rates
(can mimic Bovine Virus Diarrhea)
Congestive heart failure
Lowered immune response
What species are effected by swainsonine toxicity?
Horses, cattle, sheep, goats, elk and cats
How much locoweed needs to be consumed to cause locoism?
A lot, over a long period of time
There is an associate between high mountain disease/congestive heart failure and consumption of ___________.
Locoweed
How do you diagonse swainsonine toxicity?
Vacuoles in lymphocytes, lungs, placenta
Swainsonine serology
Elevated AP, AST, LDH
Reduced T3/T4, protein
Stomach ulcers
How do you treat locoism?
No treatment, remove from locoweeds
remove locoweed eaters
ID
Location
ID
Location
White loco

western Canada, Montana, North Dakota, and western Minnesota. South to Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.
ID
Location?
ID
Location?
Purple loco

Minnesota to Saskatchewan and southward to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma.
ID
Location
ID
Location
Wooly Loco

Southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska, and southeastern Wyoming; southward to northwest Texas and eastern New Mexico
ID
Location
ID
Location
Spotted Loco

Western Colorado, central New Mexico, westward to Arizonia, California, Nevada, north Idaho, Montana, Utah.
What type of poisoning is associated with this locoweed?
What type of poisoning is associated with this locoweed?
Miserotoxin
Cracker Heels caused by what plant? Toxin?
Miserotoxin from locoweed (Astragalus)
Causes cracker heels and roaring
Nitrate poisoning
What are the clinical signs of sage brush toxicity?
Horses: depressed, walk in circles, stumble ‘looks like locoweed poisoning’
Nonspecific degenerative encephalopathy

More lame in forelimbs, hindlimbs can look normal

They recover in a few days
What is the toxin in Sag brush?
Monoterpenes, similar to absynthe
ID
ID
Sagebrush
ID
ID
Sagebrush
Identify
Toxin?
Identify
Toxin?
Sleepy grass

leaves may be infected with the
Lysergic Acid (LSA)-containing Acremonium species of endophyte.
- Acts as a CNS depressant

Horses only
What are the clinical signs of sleepy grass toxicity?
Chewing disease
aspiration pneumonia
circling
head tossing
anorexia, dehydration

dopaminergic pathways
Cranial nerves V, VII, IX affected
Irreversible

Horses only
What is equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia?
Irreversible brain lesions from consumption of yellow star thistle and Russian knapweed

Hypertonicity of mm, ataxia and chewing dz
ID
Toxin?
ID
Toxin?
Russian knapweed
LSA-endophyte

Horses only
ID
Toxin
Location?
ID
Toxin
Location?
Yellow star thistle
LSA/endophyte
Colorado, california

Horses only
ID
Toxin
Location?
ID
Toxin
Location?
Yellow star thistle
LSA/endophyte
Colorado, california

Horses only
What did this horse eat?
What did this horse eat?
Yellow star thistle or Russian knapweed
ID
What is the primary toxin?
ID
What is the primary toxin?
Brakenfern
Thiaminase and Ptaquiloside
How much Brakenfern is required for toxicity?
A lot. Poisoning after eating 2‑3% of their body weight of bracken fern for 30 days or more.

Thiaminase passed transmammary
What are the clinical signs of brackenfern toxicity?
Depression, ataxia, hindlimb paralysis. Horses are usually constipated, occasionally slightly anemic, and often have a normal temperature and slow heart rate

Acute hemorrhaging
Bone marrow destruction
Ulceration of upper GI
Progessive Retinal Degeneration
Bladder & upper GI Cancer
Enzootic hematuria
How do you treat bracken fern toxicity
Thiamine and supportive care
What is elevated in horses with brakenfern toxicity?

Prognosis
Pyruvic acid

Poor
What does Ptaquiloside do? What plant is it in?
Present in Brackenfern


Alkaline pH activates carcinogenic dienone
Passed through the milk
Young growing parts most toxic
Toxic when dry
ID
Toxin?
ID
Toxin?
Horsetail
Ptaquiloside-like
ID
Toxin?
ID
Toxin?
Buckeye Tree

Glycosides-Aesculin, Fraxin
alkaloid
ID
Toxin?
ID
Toxin?
Chestnut shrub'

Glycosides-Aesculin, Fraxin
alkaloid
ID
Toxin?
Red Buckeye

Glycosides-Aesculin, Fraxin
alkaloid
What are the clinical signs of Buckeye toxicity?
Simple stomached Vomiting, gastroenteritis

Ruminants – neurological signs

*Severe cases Hyperglycemia
Glucosurea
Proteinuria
How do you treat buckeye toxicity?
laxatives

IV calcium gluconate and dextrose helpful
What are the clinical signs of nicotine toxicity?
CNS, cardiovascular, skeletal, GI tract, teratogen

Early phase - abdominal pain, hypertension, tachycardia, miosis, and tremors


Late phase – hypotension, bradycardia, dyspnea, mydriasis, coma and respiratory failure
How do you treat reproductive toxins
No treatment, damage done
What plants are associated with crooked calf disease (MCC)?
Tobacco
Lupine
Poison hemlock
At what stages of pregnancy would you see cleft palate and crooked calf dz after ingestion of tobacco, lupine or poison hemlock?
Clef palate: 30-50-days
Crooked calf dz: 50-100
What are the signs associated with ingesting this plant?
What are the signs associated with ingesting this plant?
Abortion
limb deformities
Enlarged heart/thyroid (sheep) 60-90d

Milk Vetch (aka locoweed)
What toxin in locoweeds is responsible for abortion and teratogenic effects?
Nitro-glycosides

Not the toxic alkaloids or selenium
What is the alkaloid in poison hemlock that causes teratogenic effects?
Coniine

Crooked legs, neck, spine, cleft palate
What species are least effected by the teratogenic effects of coniine? Most effected?
Horses and sheep not effected with teratogenic effects

pigs are most susceptible to teratogenic effects of coniine
Coniine is similar to ______ and has similar effects on the _____.
Coniine is similar to nicotine and has similar effects on the CNS.
What are the 3 lupine poisoning syndromes?
Neurotoxic syndrome (sheep)
Teratogenic (cattle)
Lupinosis (mycotoxin-->liver)
Id
Toxin
Clinical signs
Which stage most toxic?
Id
Toxin
Clinical signs
Which stage most toxic?
Lupine, blue bonnet
quinolzidine and piperidine alkaloids
neurotoxic, teratogenic, mycotoxin
Live and dry forms equally toxic
Id
Toxin
Clinical signs
Which stage most toxic?
Id
Toxin
Clinical signs
Which stage most toxic?
Lupine, blue bonnet
quinolzidine and piperidine alkaloids
neurotoxic, teratogenic, mycotoxin
Live and dry forms equally toxic
What is the toxic dose of quinolzidine and piperidine alkaloids

What plant contains these compounds?
.5-1 kg/day

Lupine plants
ID
Toxin
ID
Toxin
Tobacco tree
nicotine (neurotoxin)
piperidine alkaloid (nAchR agonist)
Teratogenic
ID
ID
tobacco plant
What are the veratrum species and what toxin is present?
Skunk cabbage, western false hellebore and corn lily
Jervanine alkaloids
Cyclopamine
Cyclopasine
What are the consequences of ingesting a veratrum plant?
Teratogenic, cyclopia
Sheep, cattle & goats
What plant most likely caused this? Why? During what point in gestation?
What plant most likely caused this? Why? During what point in gestation?
Veratrum (false hellebore)
13-14th days of gestation
Interrupts hedgehog signaling pathway
Toxin?
Consequences?
Species?
Toxin?
Consequences?
Species?
Isocupressic acid
Pine needle abortion, Inhibits uterine blood flow
Infertility, renal and muscle degeneration

Cattle and bison (not sheep)
ID
Toxin
Consequences
Species
ID
Toxin
Consequences
Species
Broom Snakeweed
Triterpene Sapononins
Abortion, liver disease, anorexia, hematuria, tubular nephrosis
Cattle, sheep, horses
How much Broom Snakeweed needs to be ingested for toxicity?
3-10% of BW
ID
Toxin
Consequences
Species
ID
Toxin
Consequences
Species
Red Clover
Phyloestrogens
Loss of libido, lowers fertility
Sheep especially sensitive
What are the main consequences of Zearalenone? What plants contain them?
Male infertility, testicular atrophy

Zearalenone is a mycotoxin found in corn and other grains
What are the main consequences of Gossypol? What plants contain it?
Gossypol found in cotton seed. Binds protein and Fe-->oxidative species

MOA

Myocardial & hepatic necrosis
Pulmonary edema
Protein malnutrition
Reduced sperm counts and motility
Females less affected
MONOGASTRICS effected most
What plant/toxin causes a goiter?
Can be from iodine deficiency secondary to nitrogenic plants

Also Flixweed: glucosinolates are hydrolyzed to sugars, sulfates, nitriles, and isothiocyanates/thiocyanates.
What is the mycotoxin associated with excess salivation? What plant is it found in?
slaframine, an indolizidine alkaloid

Grows on Red Clover
What does Ranunculin cause and what plant contains it?
Oily glycoside causes mucosal irritation and blisters in the mouth

Found in the ButterCup plants
Which plants cause gas accumulation and abdominal distention?
Alfalfa and yellow sweet clover
Id
What is the problem associated with this plant?
Id
What is the problem associated with this plant?
Orange sneeze weed
Causes vomiting and potentially aspiration pneumonia leading to death

Bitter weed also does the same thing and looks similar
ID
Associated problem?
ID
Associated problem?
Morning Glory
Tropane alkaloids; atropine-like action
Bradycardia
GI stasis
ID
Associated problem?
ID
Associated problem?
Morning Glory
Tropane alkaloids; atropine-like action
Bradycardia
GI stasis