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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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toxic |
if you take any medicine to excess it can become toxic |
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Pharmacology |
the study of the effects of drugs on the function of living systems |
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toxicology |
the study of the effects of poison on the function of living systems |
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chemical agents that cause toxicity include: |
Drugs -paracetamol/penicillin/thalidomide Insecticides - DDT/ organic phosphates Plant toxins - digoxin/digitotoxin animal toxins - snake and solider venom chemical weapons - sarin acts on ACesterase Radioactive elements - polonium 210 |
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ADR |
are noxious + occur at therapeutic doses |
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Type A (augmented) ADR |
effects are: -related to known pharmacology but undesirable -common, dose related -predicatble Examples -anticoagulant- haemorrhage -respiratory depression w/ opioid -sedation w/ antihistamines |
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Type B (bizarre) |
Effects are: -unrelated to known pharmacology -rare -unpredictable -often idiosyncratic Example s -Anaphylaxis w/ penecillin -individual allergenic/ genetic basis |
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metabolism |
-phase I by cytochrome p450 (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis) -phase II conjugation to allow excretion in urine + bile |
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Detoxification Toxificaction |
- compound rendered less toxic - relatively inert compound converted into toxic |
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Excretion |
toxins not excreted may be stored: -bone e.g. lead -fat e.g. DDE a metabolite of DDT |
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allergenic response Type I |
hypersensitivity reaction - IgE medicated mast cell degeneration |
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allergenic response Type II |
antibody - mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity - involve haematological reactions |
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allergenic response Type III |
immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity |
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allergenic response Type IV |
delayed type hypersensitivity |
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sarin attack |
-dim vision, streaming nose, breathing heavily, losing conscious, seizure activity, pupils are constricted -irreversible acetylcholinesterase -antidote - atropine (mAChR blocker) |
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cyanide |
inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase to prevent cellular respiration CO-displaces O2 from haemoglobin causing hypoxia |
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Hepatotoxicity |
i) hepatic necrosis (tissue death) - paracetamol poisoning ii) hepatic inflammation (hepatitis) - halothane (anaesthetic) iii) chronic liver disease (cirrhosis) - ethanol (alcohol) |
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nephrotoxicity |
i) changes in GFR, largely due to drugs that alter blood flow, NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors ii) allergic nephritis e.g. NSAIDs, antibiotics iiI) chronic nephritis long term NSAID paracetamol use |
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2 major classes of carcinogens |
-proto-oncogenes - promote cell cycle progression -tumour-suppressor genes- inhibit cell cycle progression |
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Terangensis teratogen |
-the creation of birth defers during fatal development -substances that induce birth defect e.g. thalidomide R-sedative S-teratogen |
