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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between the terms toxic, toxicosis, and toxicity? |
toxic = effect of a toxicant toxicosis = the state of being poisoned by a toxicant toxicity = describes the quantitative amount or dosage of a poison that will produce a defined effect (expressed as dosage in mg/kg) |
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What are the most common routes of toxin exposure? |
inhalation oral dermal (less common routes: IV, IM, SQ, sublingual, rectal) |
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What is "threshold dose"? |
Dose above which detrimental effects are observed
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What is LOAEL? NOAEL? |
LOAEL = lowest observed adverse effect level NOAEL = no adverse observed effect level |
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What is LD50? TD50? |
LD50 = dose at which 50% of the population is dead TD50 = dose at which toxic effects are seen in 50% of the population **These terms are used interchangeably for this class |
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What does ADME stand for? |
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion |
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Why is urine often used to test for toxins? |
toxins and drugs are quickly eliminated from blood, and are present in urine for much longer |
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What is the difference between toxicity, dosage, and dose? |
toxicity = mg of toxicant/kg BW dosage = same a toxicity dose = total amount of toxicant received by the animal (in mg) |
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1ppm = 1 ___/_____ = 1____/_____ |
1ppm = 1mg/kg = 1mcg/g |
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1ppb = 1___/___ = 1___/___ |
1ppb = 1mcg/kg = 1ng/g |
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1ppt = 1___/___ = 1___/____ |
1ppt = 1ng/kg = 1pg/g |
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1ppm = ____ppb |
1ppm = 1000 ppb |
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1ppt = ____ppb |
1ppt = 0.001ppb |
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1 inch = ___ cm |
1 inch = 2.54cm |
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1 oz (weight) = ____ g 1 oz (liquid) = ____ mL |
1 oz (weight) = 28.35g 1 oz (liquid) = 29.6 mL (remember, there are also 16oz/lb) |
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1 lb = ____ g |
1 lb = 453.6 g |
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1 Kg = ____ lbs |
1 Kg = 2.2 lbs |
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1 gallon = ____ L |
1 gallon = 3.785 L |
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1 tsp = ____ mL 1 Tbsp = ____ mL |
1 tsp = 5 mL 1 Tbsp = 15 mL (there are 3 tsp/Tbsp) |
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Daily dry food intake for: Kitten Adult cat Puppy Adolescent dog Adult dog Yearling beef cattle Ewe (non lactating) Horse (mature) |
Daily dry food intake for: Kitten = 8% Adult cat = 4% Puppy = 8% (kitten and puppy are the same) Adolescent dog = 6% Adult dog = 3% Yearling beef cattle = 2.5% Ewe (non lactating) = 2.5% Horse (mature) = 2% |
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How many grams are in a: Kg mg mcg (microgram) ng pg |
Kg = 1000 g mg = 0.001 g (1X10-3) mcg = 0.000001 (1X10-6) ng = 0.000000001 (1X10-9) pg = 0.000000000001 (1X10-12) |
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500 ppb = _____ ppm |
500 ppb = 0.5 ppm |
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0.5 ppm = ____ mg/kg |
0.5 ppm = 0.5 mg/kg |
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What are some common human medicines that cause toxicity in animals? |
NSAIDS, antidepressants, amphetamines, sleep aides |
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What are the three main categories/types of rodenticides that are potentially toxic to animals? Which is the most deadly? |
bromethalin phosphide cholecalciferol (most deadly) |
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What are the primary clinical signs seen with each of the primary classes of rodenticides (bromethalin, phosphide, cholecalciferol)? |
Bromethalin = cerebral edema (ataxia, tremors, seizures) Phosphide = GI, neurologic, and pulmonary signs Colecalciferols = acute renal failure, sever hypercalcemia, mineralization of kidneys and soft tissues |
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What are methylxanthines? What clinical signs are seen with methylxanthine toxicity? |
Methylxanthines = chocolate, tea, coffee clinical signs = vomiting, diarrhea, agitation, tachycardia, tachypnea, tremors, seizures |
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What is the most common clinical signs seen with toxic plant ingestion? |
GI signs |
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What is the most common clinical presentation with household cleaner ingestion? |
esophageal and upper GI damage |
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What products use metaldehyde? What are the clinical signs of metaldehyde toxicity? |
metaldehyde is in snail and slug bait clinical signs = agitation, tremors, seizures, secondary hyperthermia |
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What type of insecticide can cause severe SLUDGE signs? What is the mechanism behind this? |
Organophosphates and carbamates inhibition of acetylcholinesterase --> increased acetylcholine in synapses |
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How do you treat antifreeze toxicity? |
administer Fomepizole within the first 3-12 hrs (most critical in cats) may administer ethanol |
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What causes clinical signs in xylitol toxicity? |
hypoglycemia and insulin spike |
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How do toxins cause loss of inhibitory neurotransmitter signal (list 8 mechanisms)? |
1. change cell membrane permeability --> change action potential threshold 2. blocks release of neurotransmitter 3. interferes with neurotransmitter degradation 4. interfere with synaptic transmission 5. cause neural necrosis 6. cause demyelination 7. interfere with axonal transport 8. inhibit enzymes |
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What are some clinical signs of CNS toxicity? |
seizures, depression, coma, tremors, autonomic nervous system (SLUD), muscle weakness/paralysis, incoordination, cerebellar dysfunction, vestibular signs, behavioral changes |
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What are the characteristics of seizures caused by toxins? |
acute generalized symmetrical severe extensor rigidity, opisthotonus (head thrown back, arched back), chewing, running/paddling, SLUD |
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What should you recommend in cases of ocular toxin exposure? At what point should you recommend bringing the animal to a veterinarian? |
flush eye with physiologic saline for 15-20 minutes, keep animal from rubbing eye avoid use of ophthalmic ointment see a vet if: blepharospasm (involuntary tight eye closure), pupil size change, ocular discharge |
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What are two AT HOME methods of inducing emesis? |
3% H2O2, 2-5 ml/kg BW for dogs (DO NOT use in cats) liquid dish soap (3 tbs + 8oz water), 10ml/kg BW NOT ipecac |
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what are two IN CLINIC methods of inducing emesis? |
apomorphine (dogs ONLY) xylazine (cats especially) |
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In what toxic ingestion cases is emesis contraindicated? |
1. its been longer than 1-2 hrs 2. animal is unconscious 3. animal is in respiratory distress 4. ingestion of corrosive or caustic materials 5. severe clinical signs are present 6. contraindicated in rodents, rabbits, ruminants and horses (can't vomit) |
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When is gastric lavage indicated over emesis? |
1. metaldehyde and organophosphate ingestion 2. bone meal, chocolate, iron supplement ingestion 3. toxic doses of Ca- channel blockers, beta-blockers, organophosphates *may use with activated charcoal (still contraindicated with corrosive toxicants, time is still of the essence) |
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When is activated charcoal most effective? When is it less effective? (based on what toxin the animal has ingested) |
good affinity with non polar toxins lower affinity with heavy metals and ethylene glycol |
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What is the best way to remove a foreign body toxicant (such as zinc pennies, lead substances, etc) |
surgical removal |
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What treatment is indicated for toxin-induced seizures? |
diazepam initially (short T1/2, dose every 20min up to 3 doses) phenobatrbital if diazepam fails pentobarbital if all else fails |
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Why do you sometimes see hyperthermia with toxic ingestion? |
resulting from seizures or myoclonus activity |
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When would IV diuresis be indicated for treating toxicity cases? |
If a nephrotoxic drug has been ingested, such as NSAIDs or lilies, or if the animal is dehydrated |
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how do you convert mg/kg into a percentage? visa versa? |
mg/kg X 0.0001 = % % X 10,000 = mg/kg |
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How do you convert a volume to a weight (assuming the liquid is the same density as water)? |
1mL = 1g |
