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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_______ can be defined as the knowledge of poisons including their chemical properties, identification, biologic effects, and treatment of disease conditions caused by poisons.
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Toxicology
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________ is any solid, liquid, or gas that when introduced into or applied to the body can interfere with the life processes of cells of the organism by its own inherent qualities without acting mechanically.
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Poison
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____________ is the disease state that results from exposure to a poison or toxicant.
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Toxicosis
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__________ means poison.
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Toxicant
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________ is the amount of a poison that under a specific set of conditions will cause toxic effects.
- usually expressed as mg/kg |
Toxicity
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_________ is the amount of toxicant required to produce death in 50% of exposed animals in a given period of time.
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LD50
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________ is the amount of toxicant required to produce death in 10% if exposed animals in a given period of time.
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LD10
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________ usually means the effects of a single dose or multiple doses during a 24 hour period.
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Acute toxicity
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__________ usually means the effects procuced by prolonged exposure to a toxicant, usually 3 months or longer.
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Chronic toxicity
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_______ usually means effects produced by exposure to toxicant of longer than 24 hours but less than 3 months.
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Subacute toxicity
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_______is likelyhood of poisoning.
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hazard
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___________ is individualized response to a toxicant, a variation due to the inherent differences in biochemical and membrane properties among animals.
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biologic variation
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__________ is relatively low background levels of a toxicant becomes toxicant in higher levels of the food chain.
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biologic magnification
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_______is a common method for expressing concentrations of toxicants in feeds, water, animal tissue, etc.
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PPM-parts per million
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_________ is a method used for expressing concentrations of toxicants.
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PPB- parts per billion
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__________ is the conversion in the body of a relatively non-toxic compound to a toxic compound.
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Lethal synthesis
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________ means animals may be poisoned by eating other animals poisoned by toxic compounds.
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Biological Chain Reaction
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______ are poisons that originate from biological processes.
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Biotoxins
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Calculation for feed exposure is:
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ppm = mg/kg body wt divided by the % of body weight eaten per day.
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5 criteria for making an accurate diagnosis:
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history
clinical signs postmortem findings chemical analyses lab animal tests |
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what can you do to keep an animal from further absorbing toxins?
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Induce emesis (hydrogen peroxide)
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Name a substance that can be given to physically bind an ingested toxin.
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activated charcoal
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3 sources of nitrates:
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water, fertilizer, plants (sorghum)
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Plants with nitrates?
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sorghum
pigweed lamb's quarters jimsonweed nightshades oats corn soybean alfalfa |
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T/F Drought conditions increase nitrate concentrations?
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True
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T/F Cloudy days increase nitrates?
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True
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Highest content of nitrate is in?
(roots, stems, or leaves?) |
Roots > stems > leaves
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Highest content of cyanide?
(roots, stems, leaves?) |
Leaves > stems > roots
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________ converts ferrous iron to ferric iron resulting in methemoglobinemia.
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Nitrite
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signs of nitrite toxicosis?
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dyspnea, brown mm, weakness, tremors, convulsions, vomiting
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T/F Nitrate is associated with abortion storms.
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True
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Plants with cyanide?
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sorghums corn elderberry cherries, peach, apricot
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_________ leaves as grass cures (so its not in hay)
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cyanide
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signs of cyanide toxicosis:
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excitement, tremors, dyspnea, gasping for breath, bright mm, convulsions
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6 things needed for mycotoxins to grow:
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substrate
temp moisture humidity fungus stress |
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_________ means mycotoxin produced in feed and ingested by animal.
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mycotoxicosis
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___________ is invasion of living tissue by fungus.
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mycoses
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T/F If there is a fungus found then there will definetly be a mycotoxin present as well.
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False
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Name 10 mycotoxins common in vet. medicine. You can do it!!!
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safe td todz--->
Slaframine Aflatoxin Fumonisis Ergot Tremorgen Deoxynivalenol Trichothecene Ochratoxin Dicoumarol Zearalenone |
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4 factors effecting plant's toxicity
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Species
stage of growth part of plant conditions of plant |
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6 animal factors affecting plant toxicity:
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species of animal
age size condition amount ingested time period of ingestion |
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5 plants inhibiting oxygen uptake:
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Sweet potato
corn Lush Rape (kale, turnip) perilla mint |
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All ____ have square stems.
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Mints
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Economically the most important plant causing losses in cattle from East TX to Atlantic?
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Perilla mint
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Toxic principle of perilla mint?
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ketones
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Parts of perilla mint that's toxic?
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ALL of it!!!
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Species effected by perilla mint?
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ruminants (major), horses (minor)
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Signs of perilla mint toxicosis?
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AIP- atypical interstitial pneumonia
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Toxic principle of corn?
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tryptophan
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Sign associated with corn?
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AIP atypical interstitial pneumonia
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Plant hindering oxygen transport?
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Red Maple (acer rubrum)
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signs of red maple toxicosis?
We know this!!! |
Methemoglobinemia, icterus, brown/red urine and death
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9 plants toxic to G.I. (thats gastrointestinal tract, not GI Joe)
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Castor bean
cocklebur Coffee bean Pokeweek Black Locust Bladderpod Buttercup spurge family dumbcane |
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Nonspecific GI irritation plants: 8
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Nightshades
Black nightshade horsenettle potato silverleaf nightshade tomato Mt. Laurel Walnut |
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3 compounds toxic in castor bean?
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agglutinin, ricin, ricinin
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Toxic principles of black locust:
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robin, robinin, robitin
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Fancy schmancy name for pokeweed
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Phytolaca americana
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species most likely poisoned by pokeweed:
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swine and children
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Fancy schmancy name for coffee bean (sesbania, rattlebox)
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Sesbania spp.
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Toxic part of bladderpod:
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seeds 1-2% of body weight is fatal
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Fancy schmancy name for buttercup
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Ranunculus spp.
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Toxic principles for buttercup
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ranunculin, protoanemonin
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Classic sign for spurge family?
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Vomiting "spurge will purge"
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Toxic principle of Cocklebur?
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Carboxyatractyloside (CAT)
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Toxic parts of dumbcane?
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All of it.
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Key sign for Azalea or Mt. Laurel (Heath family)?
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Vomition (In all species)
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Toxic principle of walnut trees?
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Juglan
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Sign of walnut toxicosis?
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vasoconstriction, laminitis
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_______ causes damage to brain and spinal cord.
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Locoweed (go figure)
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2 plants that cause increased stimulation at receptor sites?
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Jimsonweed and Horse Tail
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How much jimsonweed does it take to kill a cow?
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.1% of bodyweight
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3 toxic principles of jimsonweed
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hyoscyamine, scopolamine and atropine
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Signs of jimsonweed toxicosis?
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GI atony, dry mm, dilated pupils, delirium, hallucinations
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Where is zearalenone and what are its signs?
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Corn in cribs
signs: estrogenic activity |
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_______ is often accompanied by zearalenone.
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deoxynivalenol
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_______ is usually stored in grains, corn, peanuts.
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Aflatoxin
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______ is a very potent carcinogen.
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Aflatoxin b2
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___________ causes hemorrage in liver, fatty change, and necrosis.
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aflatoxin
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fancy schmancy name for ergot
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claviceps purpura on oats and claviceps paspali on dallis grass
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________ toxicity seldom causes problems while growing, but does cause problems when concentrated in grain.
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ergot
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Claviceps purpura (ergot) causes constriction or dilation of vessels?
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constriction
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Claviceps paspali causes:
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CNS effects
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signs of ergotism in animals?
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sloughing of ear tips, tail, and limbs and foot.
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6 differentials of ergot:
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fescue foot, foot rot, selenium toxicosis, frostbite, laminitis, trauma
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Substrate for fumonisin?
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moldy corn
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lesion caused by fumonisin
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liquefactive necrosis of cerebral hemispheres
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________ occurs from cattle and horses grazing on red clover
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slaframine
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Slaframine toxicosis must be differentiated from?
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organophosphates
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Big sign for dicoumarol toxicosis?
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hemorrhaging due to tying up of vitamin k
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________ causes tremors, ataxia, falling and paralysis.
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TREMORgen
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__________ is a mycotoxin that causes renal damage.
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Ochratoxin
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4 syndromes of fescue toxicity?
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fescue foot
poor performance fat necrosis dystocia |
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________ may stimulate dopamine and antagonize serotonin
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fescue
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substrate for tremorgen?
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rye or bermuda
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substrate for dicoumarol
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sweet clover
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main sign associated with aflatoxin
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biliary hypertrophy
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who is the prettiest girl you know?
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Lindsey!!! of course!!!
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10 of the food related toxicants:
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urea (and non-protein nitrogen)
monensin lasalocid iodine sodium ion copper gossypol fluoride blue-green algae phenylarsonic cpds. |
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lesions with urea toxicosis?
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none...tricked you!
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ways to diagnose urea:
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Rumen pH above 8, and history of feeding urea, colic, front end down, frequent peeing, high rumen ammonia levels.
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______ is produced by a fungus and used as an antibiotic for beef cattle and is toxic to dairy cattle, horses, sheep and swine
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monensin
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must differentiate monensin from:
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blister beetle colic, organophosphate, vit. E deficiency
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________ is used in the treatment of lumpy jaw and footrot
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iodine
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Why is iodine toxicity rare?
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there is a wide range between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose.
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mechanism of action for iodine?
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hyperthyroid
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signs of iodine toxicosis
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non-productive cough, increased resp. tract secretions, nasal discharge, lacrimation, alopecia around neck
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toxicity called "salt poisoning"
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sodium ion toxicosis
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T/F sodium ion toxicosis is caused from too much salt in feed.
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False--it's from water deprivation
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signs of sodium ion toxicosis
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thirsy, constipated, seizures, comatose
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other name for gossypol?
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cotton
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signs of gossypol toxicosis:
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poor doers, ventral edema, poor conception rate, death
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lesion from gossypol?
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pulmonary edema and myocardial necrosis, congested liver
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_______ results in mottled enamel, brown teeth and uneven wear.
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fluoride
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what part of dumbcane is toxic?
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all of it
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species effected by yellow-star thistle?
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equine
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______ causes involuntary chewing.
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Yellow star thistle
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how much jimsonweed is lethal to cattle?
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.1% body weight
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toxic principles of jimsonweed?
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hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and atropine
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6 plants that stimulate depression
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nightshades
horse nettle silverleaf nightshade black nightshade potato tomato |
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Lupine most likely effects what species
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sheep
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toxic principle of lupine?
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quinolizidine
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Urea should not exceed __% in your total grain ration.
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1%
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signs of lupine toxicity
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head pressing, seizures, tetragenic effect
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________ results in more deaths than any other plant in western range.
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Larkspur
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________ is the toxic principle for larkspur.
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Methyllycaconitine
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what parts of milkweed are toxic?
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all parts
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2 toxic principles of milkweed
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cardenolides and calitoxin
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milkweeds cause what signs
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cardiotoxic and neurotoxic
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Urea toxicosis is actually _______ toxicosis.
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Ammonia
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Toxic principles of water hemlock?
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cicutoxin and cicutol
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fancy schmancy name for water hemlock
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cicuta maculata
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Signs of water hemlock toxicosis?
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salivation, muscle fasciculations, violent seizures, death within 15-30 minutes, mydriasis, delirium
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what are the three systems effected by morning glory?
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digestive, neurologic, and resp.
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Toxic principles of morning glory?
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lysergic acid (LSD) found in seeds and leaves
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Toxic parts of buckeye?
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leaves,fruit, bark
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What species does buckeye effect?
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all
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Toxic principles of buckeye?
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Aesculin
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Signs of buckeye toxicity?
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sawhorse stance, seizures, mydriasis, drunken cattle
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What is yellow jessamine confused with?
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honeysuckle
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What parts are toxic and species effected by yellow jessamine?
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all, all
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What is the pathogenesis of yellow jessamine?
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paralysis at nerve endings
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Parts toxic and species effected by White snakeroot?
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all, all
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Toxic principle of white snakeroot?
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Trematol (5-10% bw)
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How is white snakeroot eliminated from body?
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milk
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pathogenesis of white snakeroot?
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cardiotoxic in horses, metabolic derangement, hepatotoxic in goats
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What does poison hemlock smell like?
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"mousy" odor
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What species is effected by poison hemlock?
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all
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Pathogenesis of poison hemlock?
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blocks autonomic ganglia and motor end plates of skeletal muscles, toxins lost when dried
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_________ resembles organophosphate toxicity.
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slaframine and poison hemlock
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3 plants toxic to cardiovascular system?
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Japanese Yew, Foxglove, Oleander
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Toxic principles for foxglove?
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Digoxin and digitoxin
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Species effected by oleander?
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All
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Lethal dose of Oleander?
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.005%-.015% bw
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Toxic parts of Japanese Yew?
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All parts toxic, Taxine is toxic principle
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3 plants causing liver toxicity?
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Crotolaria, bitter sneezeweed, lantana
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Species effected and parts toxic of crotolaria?
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all, all
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Toxic principles of crotolaria?
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Pyrrolozidine alkaloids (pa)
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Animal most susceptible to bitter sneezeweed?
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sheep
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Toxic principle of bitter sneezeweed?
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dugaldin
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"Spewing sickness" is caused from?
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bitter sneezeweed
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Special feature of lantana?
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square stem
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________ called "ham and eggs" causes sensitization.
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lantana
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2 plants effecting hematopoietic system?
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yellow/white sweet clover
Bracken fern |
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_______ hosts molds that convert coumarin to dicoumarol.
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yellow/white sweet clover
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Species effected by bracken fern?
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equine and ruminants (100% bw)
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2 nephrotoxic plants?
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Oak, pigweed
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Where is the toxin in oak?
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acorns, young leaves
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Toxic principles of oak?
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tannins
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toxic principles of pigweed
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oxalates, nitrates
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2 plants effecting skin
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hairy vetch, st. john's wort
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toxic principle of st. john's wort?
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hypericin- activated in UV light, photosensitizing agent
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________ causes dermatitis, thickening of skin, pruritis, alopecia
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hairy vetch
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_________ causes abortions and infertility.
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ponderosa pine
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3 plants causing fetal death and teratogenesis?
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Lupine, tobacco, false hellebore
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