Toxic By Britney Spears

Front 1

Pathophys of hypoxia--go.

Back 1

Leads to decreased ox phos --> decr ATP. Body tries to form ATP from glycogen (anaerobic resp) --> lactatemia

Front 2

When we talk about membrane damage and increased membrane permability we are talking about toxins that bind to ______ groups in the membrane proteins

Back 2

--SH

Front 3

Free radical production results in what 3 things?

Back 3

Lipid peroxidation
Protein damage
DNA damage

Front 4

Whats the difference between acute & subacute exposure?

Back 4

Acute is single or repeated exposure over 24 hours while subacute is exposure over 1-30 days

(same goes for acute/subacute responses)

Front 5

Cyanides and organophosphates result in acute, subacute, or chronic exposure and reaponses?

Back 5

Acute exposure and response

Front 6

What are two toxicities that result in acute responses from chronic exposures?

Back 6

Lead & Cu in sheep

Front 7

Fluorosis and lead toxicity causing debilitation are examples of what kind of exposure and response?

Back 7

Chronic

Front 8

When free radicals combine with PUFAs, lipid peroxidation results in lipid peroxyl radicals.

What effect does this have on cells?

Back 8

Membrane injury and cell death

Front 9

With decreased ATP production comes decreased Na/K ATPase activity.

What effect does this have on the cell?

Back 9

Influx of water and cell swelling

Front 10

Free radical production leads to lipid peroxidation.

Name two prime examples of free rads.

Back 10

Singlet oxygen & hydroxyl groups

Idk if i know what im talking about

Front 11

Name two effects of increased intracellular Ca?

Back 11

Phosholipases kill the phospholipid membrane

Proteases are also activated

Front 12

Ionizing radiation can lead to what 2 free radicals?

Back 12

Hydroxyl free rads & hydrogen free rads

Front 13

Metabolism of some chemicals produces what 2 radicals?

Back 13

Superoxide and hydroxyl radicals

Front 14

So radicals cause lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA damage.

T/F. The resulting peroxides are reactive and cause further damage.

Back 14

False

Front 15

How do radicals cause protein damage?

Back 15

Free rads oxidize amino acids

Front 16

How do radicals damage DNA?

Back 16

By reacting with thymidine to break the strands

Front 17

Name four antioxidants

Back 17

Vit E,A,C, GSH

Front 18

What do antioxidants do?

Back 18

Scavenge radicals and reduce their formation

Front 19

Name three enzymes that scavenge free radicals and destroy oxidants.

Back 19

Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase

Front 20

Describe the valence of oxygen free radicals?

Back 20

Oxygen with unpaired electron, is usually short-lived and highly reactive

Front 21

Equations--eek!

Back 21

Yeah i dont get simple chemistry

Front 22

The threat of oxidative stress arises from what 3 things?

Back 22

Superoxide free radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl free radical

Front 23

Whats GSH reductase doing?

Back 23

Converting GSSG to GSH, an antioxidant

Front 24

Whats GSH peroxidase doing?

Back 24

Converting hydrogen peroxide to water

Front 25

What are flavonoids

Back 25

Plant pigments

Front 26

What are the four groups of flavonoids?

Back 26

Flavones
Flavonones
Catechins
Anthocycanins

Front 27

What do we use flavonoids for?

Back 27

As antioxidants and free radical absorbers

(they can also inhibit WBC degranulation & inhibit pgospholipase A2 & therefore PGs and leukotrienes from being formed)

Front 28

What IS oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 28

ADP --> ATP & water (requires electrons and H+)

Front 29

What is a cytochrome?

Back 29

Iron-containing protein with a heme group

Front 30

What is an uncoupler of oxphos we have larned about?

Back 30

Inorganic Arsenics

Front 31

What does uncoupling of oxphos mean?

Back 31

They dissociate oxidation from phosphoeylation--ie oxygen is still utilized but the energy becomes heat instead of ATP (instead of going into forming another phosphate bond)

Front 32

Why are toxicants delivered to the cortex in higher quantities than the medulla?

Back 32

Because the cortex receives 90% of blood flow

Front 33

Because of the renal countercurrent system, despite higher quantities of toxin going to the cortex, higher ______ may reach the medulla

Back 33

Concentrations

Front 34

The loop of ahenle increases tonicity of "urine". What is the relevance to toxicology?

Back 34

Higher & higher concentrations will reach the DCT then collecting duct than had originally been delivered to the PCT

Front 35

Where can the kidney transform prodrugs to their toxic forms?

Back 35

In the PCT because she xontains cytochrome P450

Front 36

Cats are deficient in ________, leading to acetaminophen toxicity.

Back 36

Glucuronyl transferase

Front 37

How is acetaminophen ezcreted?

Back 37

As glucuronide

Front 38

What might explain the blood-related signs we see with acetaminophen toxicity?

Back 38

RBC glutathione is overwhelmed, allowing excess acetaminophen to react with SH groups in Hb.

Front 39

What is paracetamol?

Back 39

Acetaminophen

Front 40

CS of a cat with acetaminophen toxicity?

Back 40

Cyanosis, dyspnea (shallow breaths), facial and paw edema, icterus & chocolate urine, hypothermia

Front 41

Treatment fkr acetaminophen toxicity?

Why?

Back 41

Mucomyst (N-acetyl cysteine) .... It forms cysteine, which is a sulfur souce that causes glutathione synthesis

Front 42

Whats the differnece between potosens and sunburn?

Back 42

Different wavelengths (photosens longerz)

Front 43

Whats the deal with photosens?

Back 43

Light energy --> chemical energy --> free rads (superoxide) --> membrane damage

Front 44

What are the three types of photosens?

Back 44

Congen, primary, secondary

Front 45

Whats congenital photosens due to?

Back 45

Heme synthe disturbances --> porphyrin accumulations

Front 46

Prumary photosens?

Back 46

Eg hypericin (board Q)...ingestion of this compound directly causes photosens

Front 47

Secondary photosens?

Back 47

Excretory disturbance (liver dz or posthepatic obstruction) --> accum of photochemicals

Front 48

CS of photosens

Back 48

Erythema and edema
Serous oozing
Necrosis and sloughing of skin (esp white skin in cattle)

Front 49

Whats your commonest signalment for lead toxicity?

Back 49

Think calves & young dogs

Front 50

Most ingested lead is absorbed or excreted in the feces?

Back 50

Excreted in feces, only 2-10% is absorbed in adults

Front 51

In adults, only 2-10% of ingested lead is absorbed. Is this the case for neonates?

Back 51

No, neonates absorb 50% of ingested lead.

Front 52

Who absorbs more ingested lead--cows or dogs?

Back 52

Dogs (monogastrics)

Front 53

So sum up lead absorption

Back 53

Neonates > adults
Monogastrics > R

Front 54

So some lead has been absorbed. Where is it in the blood?

Is the a lot of free lead in the blood?

Back 54

Almost all of it is in the RBCs as its proteinate or phosphate form. A very small % is in the plasma bound to albumin.

There is almost no free lead in the blood.

Front 55

What enhances lead absorption?

Back 55

Vit D

Front 56

So once lead has been absorbed and transported via the RBCs, what organs does it set up shop in?

Back 56

Bone >> kidney, liver

Front 57

The majority of ingested lead is excreted in the feces. What is the ultimate fate of absorbed lead?

Back 57

Slowly excreted in the urine, feces, milk

Front 58

What is the effect of lead on a fetus?

Back 58

If the mom has lead in her system it can cross the placenta & the fetus' BBB --> teratogenic effects --> abortion or stillbirth

Front 59

Is excretion of absorbed lead fast or slow?

Back 59

Very slow

Front 60

What does Pb2+ replace in the bones?

Back 60

Ca2+

Front 61

Heme synthetase has a ______ group that lead interferes with.

Back 61

SH

Front 62

Whixh enzyme is most sensitive to lead toxicity & therefore will be found in decreased amounts in an affected animal?

Back 62

ALA dehydrase

Front 63

With lead toxicity you find large amounts of ALA in the ____

Back 63

Urine.

Front 64

Lead toxicity will result in what changes on CBC & blood smear?

Back 64

Anemia
Basophilic stippling

Front 65

T/F. Lead toxicity depresses the bone marrow.

Back 65

True

Front 66

Why does lead toxicity lead to cell death?

Back 66

Lysosomes rupture --> releaee of acid phosphatase. This enzyme is required for cell energy production, so without it the cell will die.

Front 67

What is the effect of lead toxixity on the nervous system?

Back 67

Decreased blood supply & energy
Leaky capillries
--> Cerebral edema & blindnes

PNS demyelination

(also fucks with GABA, NMDA, serotonin)

Front 68

Lead tox --> decreased absorption of ______

Back 68

Se

Front 69

You have 3 bovine patients affected with lead toxicity. An adult with acute toxicity, an adult with subacute toxicity, and a calf with acute toxcity.

Which one will probably die first?

Back 69

Idk i think the calf is more severe

Front 70

Describe acute lead toxicity in a calf.

Back 70

Since its a baby its going to absorb a lot more of the ingested lead than his mom will.

His nervous system will be affected--demyelination--> larpar --> drooling/coughing/dyspnea (makes sense); hyperesthesia (dont touch me!), tetany, convulsionsseizuredeath

Front 71

Peracute caees of lead toxicity in cattle can result in sudden death. Lets say she ate the car batteries a couple days ago. What might be a sign of lead tox?

Back 71

Blindness & head pressing
(muscle fasciculations & ataxia too...its a neuro thing)

Front 72

Chronic lead toxicity in dogs results in wasting. Does this happen to cattle?

Back 72

No wasting in cattle

Front 73

Subacute lead toxicity can lead to colic in cows (most Things dont really make cows colic). What are signs of pain in a cow?

What are some of the GI issues shell have going on?

Back 73

Bruxism (teeth grinding)

Constipation followed by smelly diarrhea. Ruminal stasis.

Front 74

Why might lead toxicity cause roaring (dysphonia) in horses?

Back 74

Nerve demyelination

Front 75

Name some signs of lead toxicity in horses.

Back 75

Anorexia, roaring, knuckling of fetlocks --> limb paralysis

Front 76

You have 3 bovine patients affected with lead toxicity. An adult with acute toxicity, an adult with subacute toxicity, and a calf with acute toxcity.

Which one will probably die first?

Back 76

Idk i think the calf is more severe

Front 77

Describe acute lead toxicity in a calf.

Back 77

Since its a baby its going to absorb a lot more of the ingested lead than his mom will.

His nervous system will be affected--demyelination--> larpar --> drooling/coughing/dyspnea (makes sense); hyperesthesia (dont touch me!), tetany, convulsionsseizuredeath

Front 78

Peracute caees of lead toxicity in cattle can result in sudden death. Lets say she ate the car batteries a couple days ago. What might be a sign of lead tox?

Back 78

Blindness & head pressing
(muscle fasciculations & ataxia too...its a neuro thing)

Front 79

Chronic lead toxicity in dogs results in wasting. Does this happen to cattle?

Back 79

No wasting in cattle

Front 80

Subacute lead toxicity can lead to colic in cows (most Things dont really make cows colic). What are signs of pain in a cow?

What are some of the GI issues shell have going on?

Back 80

Bruxism (teeth grinding)

Constipation followed by smelly diarrhea. Ruminal stasis.

Front 81

Why might lead toxicity cause roaring (dysphonia) in horses?

Back 81

Nerve demyelination

Front 82

Name some signs of lead toxicity in horses.

Back 82

Anorexia, roaring, knuckling of fetlocks --> limb paralysis

Front 83

What body system is affected by lead toxicity in horses?

Back 83

PNS

Front 84

You are presented with a cachexic dog. His abdomen is painful on palpation and he has a history of trying to eat but not being able to swallow? What do you suspect and what might you see in his urine?

Back 84

Lead toxicity.

Glucose

Front 85

T/F. Lead toxicity affects the kidneys

Back 85

True (at least in dogs it def does)

Front 86

Nucleated RBCs are seen in a dog without anemia. What might he have?

Back 86

Lead toxicity.

More often you see basophilic stippling and regen anemia (aniso, polychromasia, poikilo)

Front 87

What two toxicites can cause polioencephalomalacia?

Which can cause poliomyelomalacia?

Back 87

PEM <-- lead or sukfur

PM <-- se (subacute neuro form)

Front 88

What two toxicities give centrilobar degeneration of the liver?

Back 88

Lead and zinc

Front 89

T/F. You might see porphyrins in the urine of an animal with lead toxicity.

Back 89

True

Front 90

T/F. Lead causes radiopacity of long bones around the epiphyses.

Back 90

Sure, but its not diagnostic

Front 91

T/F. Decreased ALA dehydrase is diagnostic for lead toxicity.

Back 91

False? Its just a screeing test, not a diagnostic test? Thats what i wrote i class who knows

Front 92

ALA dehydrase is an enzyme of what cell?

Back 92

RBCs

Front 93

Which of the following tests is most sensitive for lead toxicity?

Urinary lead
Urinary ALA
blood ALA
ALA dehydrase
Hair lead

Back 93

ALA dehydrase....ie changes will show before any of the other tests would pick up on lead tox

Front 94

With lead toxicity, do you have to decontaminate the stomach (ie with emetics)?

Back 94

No, cause this animal wouls have eaten it a week ago or so

Front 95

Chelation therapy for lead =

Back 95

EDTA

Front 96

How is EDTA given for lead toxicity?

Back 96

Only by injection, never orally

Front 97

How does EDTA work?

Back 97

It chelates the lead from bone for redistribution of the lead (EDTA has a calcium on it, but has a higher affinity for lead. Thats how it grabs onto the lead to take it out of the body)

Front 98

Whats a complexing treatment for lead toxicity?

Back 98

DMSA* or dimercapeol (BAL)

Front 99

T/F. DMSA is less toxic than BAL and can be given orally

Back 99

True

Front 100

Do we use D-penicillamine for lead toxicity?

Back 100

No. We do use it for Cu toxicity in Bedlingtons tho

Front 101

What is supportive therapy for lead toxicity?

Back 101

Initiate urine flow & give mannitol + CCS for cerebral edema. Possibly enemas

Front 102

T/F. All inorganic arsenic compounds are toxic.

Back 102

True

Front 103

Trivalent arsenic _______, pentavalent = _______

Back 103

TrI = arsenIte

PentA = arsenAte

Front 104

How do animals get arsenic?

Back 104

Feed

Front 105

Which valency is more toxic and whya.

Back 105

Arsenite (3+) because it is more rapidly absorbed.

Front 106

95% of absorbed arsenic is associatd with

Back 106

RBCs

Front 107

Where does arsenic accumulate before redistribution?

Back 107

Liver, then is redistributed to a shit ton of other plces

Front 108

Where is arsenic stored?

Back 108

Bones teeth hair hoof skin (think keratin)

Liver, kidney

Front 109

Why is arsenic stored in places like hoof and hair?

Back 109

Because it reacts with/binds to idk the --SH grops in keratin

Front 110

What is the rate of excretion of arsenic?

Back 110

Rapidly excreted thru urine, feces, sweat, and milk

(sweats a new one)

Front 111

Which vakenxy accumulates in tissues, and which is rapidly excreted in the urine?

Back 111

Trivalents accumulate (theyre the toxic ones) and pentavalents are rapidly peed out

Front 112

With inorganic arsenic compounds, poisoning is ______ or _______.

Back 112

Acute or subacute

Front 113

Trivalent salts are ______ to pentavalents for excretion in:

Pentavalents are reduced to trivalents by the kidney (dumb kidney!)

Back 113

Oxidized; bile

Front 114

Whats the MOA of trivalent arenites?

Back 114

They act with --SH groups in cellular enzyme systems eg The citric acid cycle

Front 115

Whats the MOA of arsenates (pentavalents)?

Back 115

Uncouple oxphos --> depleted cell energy (but NO heat depletion unlike other uncouplers)

Front 116

Arsenic affects tissues rich in oxidative systems. List them (6)

Back 116

Rapidly dividing tissues like GIT
kidney
Liver
Lungs
Skin
Splanchnic capillaru beds

Front 117

What does arsenic poisoning lead to?

Back 117

Hypovolemic shock
GIT edema & shit
Nephrosis

Front 118

Arsenic results in what CS

Back 118

Watery --> Bloody diarrhea (peracute--> subacute)

Front 119

Is chronic arsenic poisoning common?

Back 119

No because its so rapidly excreted

Front 120

What are the two important PM findings in arsenic poisoning?

Back 120

Garlic breath & vivid red gut

Front 121

Arsenic results in primarily GIT or CNS signs?

Back 121

GI

Front 122

Gutzeits & Reinsch tests are for what toxicity?

Back 122

Arsenic

(Gutzeit is for urine)

Front 123

T/F. Arsenics cause GI & shock, while lead causes more CNS signs.

Back 123

True

Front 124

Treatment for arsenical poisoning?

Back 124

DMSA* & sodium thiosulfate

Front 125

Whats the treatment for arsenicals & mercury?

Back 125

DMSA & sodium thiosulfate

Front 126

Hat is Succimer?

Back 126

DMSA

Front 127

Organoarsenicals...what so you think?

Back 127

PPP (pig, poultry, PNS)

Front 128

The organoarsenicals have what valency?

Back 128

They are pentavalent 5+

Front 129

T/F. Organoarsenials have a wide saftey margin, so high doses are needed to create toxicity.

Back 129

True, usually do to feed miscalculations!

Front 130

T/F. Organoarsenical toxicity usally results in low morbidity but high mortality.

Back 130

False. Organoarsenicals have high morbidity but LOW MORTALITY (its not gonna kill them that much)

Front 131

Lets talks cows.

Back 131

Yes, lets.

Front 132

Whats gonna cause a cow with lameness and tooth issues?

Back 132

Fluorosis

Front 133

Whats gonna cause spontaneous fractures in a cow?

Back 133

Fluorosis

Front 134

What causes PEM in cows?

(polioencephalomalacia)

Back 134

Sulfur

Front 135

In addition to PEM, what will you find on necropsy of a cow with sulfur toxicity?

Back 135

Dark thick ruminal fluid (ew)

Front 136

Spectacles =

Back 136

Mo toxicity

Front 137

Mo toxicity causes a lot of "s" CS. What are they?

Back 137

Spectacles
Smelly green Scours (diarrhea)
oSteoporoSiS
exoStoSeS
rickettS
Sanemia (ok just anemia)

Front 138

What causes CNS signs in cattle--organic or inorganic Hg?

Back 138

Organic

Front 139

What is the cause of "alkali disease"?

Back 139

Selenium toxicity

Front 140

What are the signs of Se toxicity in cattlw?

Back 140

They lose their switch (aka tail hair)
Their claws become deformed
Dull coat

....its all about the keratin

Front 141

Ok that was an incomplete card. What else do you see with Se toxicity in cows?

Back 141

Emaciation
cold Extremities
Arthritis & anemia

Front 142

What two toxicities can cause a blind cow?

Back 142

Lead and organic mercury

Front 143

What can cause acute nephritisa.

Back 143

Inorganic mercury....it causes more GI signs in cows tha organic mercuries

Front 144

What causes hemolytic anemia?

Back 144

Zn

Front 145

CS of Zn toxicity in cows?

Back 145

GI shit, weight loss, hemolytic anemia, PUPD, paresis, exophthalmos

Front 146

Which three toxicities affect cow eyes?

Back 146

Lead, organic mercury (blindness)
Zn (exophthalmos)

Front 147

Whixh toxicity causea depression in adult cattle but excitement in calves?

(and therefore affects the CNS)?

Back 147

Organic mercurials

Front 148

If someone broke a thermometer in a cows mouth, what would the mercury do?

Back 148

Leave a silvery gray black line on the gums of course

(no im not that dumb but thats a good way to remember)

Front 149

What causes stomatitis, vomiting, colic, and other GI signs, in addition to causing acute nephrosis in cows?

Back 149

Inorganic mercurials

Front 150

What do bones look like when affected by fluorosis?

Back 150

Poritic, chalky, they spontaneously fracturw

Front 151

Lets talk dogs...which are easy because they ant foreign objects to me (like cows are).

Back 151

Dogs!

Front 152

Which toxicity in dogs is associates with renal failure? What effects does this have on the animal?

Back 152

Zn

Port wine urine
PU/PD

Front 153

Which two toxicities result in wasting/cachexia in dogs?

Back 153

Lead and copper

Front 154

Congential liver defects in _____ can cause copper toxicity.

Back 154

Bedlingtons
Skyes
Dobies

Front 155

T/F. Cu toxicity causes a hemolytic crisis in dogs.

Back 155

No! Acute acu toxicity --> hemolytic crisis in SHEEP, not dogs

Front 156

With chroic lead toxicity vs acute lead toxicity, do GIT or CNS signs come first?

Back 156

Chronic? GI then CNS
Acute? other way around

Front 157

What could cause a pale brown nodular liver with yellow brown pigment?

Back 157

Cu toxicity

Front 158

What can cause exophthalmia in dogs?
Blindness?

Back 158

Exophthalmia from Zn
Blindness from inorganic mercury

Front 159

CS of inorganic mercury in dogs?

Back 159

CNS excitation --> convulsions, uncontrollable chewing, blindness

Front 160

Explain the CS of Zn.

Back 160

Hemolytic anemia --> jaundice & hemoglobinuria --> renal failure --> pu/pd.

Front 161

When might you see basophilic stippling and anemia in a dog?
Nucleated RBCs without anemia?

Back 161

Both can be the result of lead toxicity

Front 162

Whats a dog with chronic Cu toxicosis look like?

Back 162

Thin, jaundiced, ascites

Front 163

What might a dog with acute acu toxicity look like?

Back 163

Vomiting and anorexia

Front 164

What does bilirubin do at very low levels?

Back 164

Scavenges singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals