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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which four dog breeds have an inherited susceptibility to copper toxicosis?
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1. Westies
2. Skye Terriers 3. Bedlington Terriers 4. Dobermans |
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what three metals, if an animal is deficient in them, causes them to absorb more lead?
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Ca, Zn, Fe
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rhythmic twitching of ears in cattle might suggest what toxicosis?
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lead
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what are two important DDx for lead poisoning in cattle?
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1. polio
2. Haemophilus infection |
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what are two important DDx for lead poisoning in dogs, and 5 others
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1. Gastritis
2. Arsenic - distemper - encephalitis - chlorinated hydrocarbons - metaldehyde - strychnine |
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why would a veterinarian choose not to use EDTA in chelation therapy of cattle?
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toxicity and residue concerns in food animals
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what does DMSA (Succimer™) chelate?
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Pb, As, Zn
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what is the best cathartic to use in lead poisoning and why?
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MgSO4, because lead sulfate is insoluble and will precipitate into the gut and be eliminated instead of absorbed
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when does arsenic treated lumber become toxic?
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when it is burned. The ashes are toxic, the wood doesn't give a toxic dose
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comment on the placenta and BBB crossing of inorganic arsenic
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crosses placenta, but not the BBB
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which toxic metals cause rumen atony?
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Pb and As
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hyperemic brick red gut: which toxicosis?
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arsenic
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which metal "balances out" copper when added to feed?
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molybdenum
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which metal helps protect the gut from copper damage in dogs?
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zinc
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what metal deficiencies does chronic consumption of zinc cause in dogs?
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copper and iron
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what are two antiemetics that you can give to the vomiting dog with zinc toxicosis?
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acepromazine or metoclopramide
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what are four important liver toxicants?
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1. acetaminophen
2. pine oil, phenol disinfectants 3. metals: Cu, Zn, Fe 4. endotoxins (garbage) |
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what are five important hemolytic toxicants?
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1. acetaminophen
2. Metals: Cu, Zn 3. anionic surfactants 4. plants: onion, garlic 5. Red Maple (Horses) |
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which two metals cause hemolysis?
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copper and zinc
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which metal can cause pancreatic deneration?
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zinc
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which toxicosis (not deficiency) can cause white streaks in the heart muscle due to necrosis and fibrosis?
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ionophores
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which farm management event is often associated with whole-herd toxicoses?
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new shipment of mineral, concentrate, or feed
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since ionophores cause free radical damage to lipid membranes, what is the logical injectable treatment to quench free radicals?
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Vitamin E and Selenium
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how many blister beetles can kill a horse?
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30
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what name in the thing that makes cantharidin should clue you onto some clinical signs?
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BLISTER beetle; strong mucosal irritant (vesicant) that injures the GI mucosa going in and the renal/bladder structures coming out
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which toxin causes synchronous diaphragmatic flutter in horses?
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cantharidin
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rank toxicity from most to least:
- cotton seed oil - whole cotton seed - cotton seed hulls - cotton seed meal |
1. cotton seed meal (most toxic)
2. whole cotton seed (toxic) 3. cotton seed oil (no gossypol, but can become rancid) 4. cotton seed hulls (not toxic) |
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what do cotton products contaminated with gossoypol look like?
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they are speckled with red pigment
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which two feed additive toxicants cause cardiac problems?
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1. ionophores
2. gossypol |
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what is a major cardiac toxicant source in dogs?
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endotoxins from bacteria in garbage
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which deficiency is cardiotoxic?
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selenium
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which seven poisonous plants are cardiotoxic or cause AV blocks?
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1. Taxus (yew)
2. Rhododendron 3. Kalima (mountain laurel) 4. Ditigalis (foxglove) 5. Azalea 6. Nerium oleander 7. Convallaria (Lily of the Valley) |
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which herbicide causes rear leg paresis in dogs?
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2,4-D
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which rodenticide causes rear leg paresis in dogs?
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bromethalin
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which three things found in garbage or human food can cause rear leg paresis in dogs?
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1. botulism
2. low does tremorgens (e.g. roquefortine) 3. macadamia nuts |
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what is an arthropod source of toxin that causes rear leg paresis in dogs?
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tick saliva
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if cattle are knuckling so bad that they are wearing their skin down to the muscle, what might you suspect?
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Na toxicosis or water deprivation
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at what rate you properly give water for Na toxicosis/water deprivation in cattle or swine?
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0.5% BW/hr
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in which animals is Aflatoxin toxicosis most common?
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poultry and young swine
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Which molds (toxins) are associated with:
- drought? - wet seasons? - storage of feed in open air cribs? - residue problems in human food? - feed refusal? - reproductive problems in swine? - liver toxicity? |
- drought: Aspergillus (Alfatoxins)
- wet seasons: Fusarium (i.e. vomitoxin) - open-air storage: Fusarium (zearalenone) - residues in human food: Aspergillus (aflatoxin) - feed refusal: Fusarium (vomitoxin) - swine repro: Fusarium (zearalenone) - liver toxicity: Aspergillus (aflatoxin) |
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what type of mycotoxin is vomitoxin?
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a trichothecene
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how does zearalenone affect swine?
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estrogenic problems:
- prolonged estrus/anestrus/pesudopregnancy, vulvar swelling/prolapse, mammary/nipple enlargement - ↓fecundity, EED, abortion - boars becoming girly |
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which mold produces ELEM? What crop? What time of year?
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'- Fusarium verticilliodes
- corn - coldest months: December, January |
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a horse that was acting crazy, like a maniac, and sweating profusely, head-pressing, running into things, and died of convulsions makes you think of what toxin?
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ELEM (Fumonisin)
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what is the key clinical sign associated with hepatoencephathy in horses poisoned with Fumnisin?
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yawning
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Bermuda grass, although makes you think of sitting on the beach this summer, will actually poison you how?
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with tremorgens
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what were the people burned alive in the Salem Witch trials eating that made people think they were possessed by demons?
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rye or other grains contaminated with ergot alkaloids
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what is a tremorgen that reminds me of a delicious cheese that I would like to eat over summer break, that may actually be in small quantities in this cheese and other dairy products? Which more powerful toxin likes to hang out with this one?
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- Roquefortine (from Penicillium molds) [note: Roqueforte cheese is freaking DELICIOUS]
- Penitrem A |
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what type of seizures are caused by tremorgens?
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clonic-tonic
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a dog presents for clonic-tonic convulsions, paresis, nystagmus and anisochoria, and is salivating like crazy, and is really hyperesthetic. Why is this not strychnine and what could it be?
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'- styrchnine would cause tetanic, bilateral, symmetrical seizures, NOT clonic-tonic
- this is most like tremorgen toxicosis (especially since I wrote this signalment/history directly from the tremorgen Powerpoint slide) |
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what plant makes horses drool?
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Trifolium (clover), if it contains Slaframine
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what are the two most common sources of Penitrem A?
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dairy and moldy walnuts
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which mycotoxin causes SLUD + convulsions?
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roquefortine
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which plant causes clinical signs similar to OP or carbamate toxicosis?
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Nicotiana (tobacco)
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white berries. Bam! What is it?
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Phoradendron (mistletoe); contains phoratoxin (a toxalbumin) which causes GI irritation. Fido starts vomiting and ruins Christmas.
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what contains euphorbin? what does it do?
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- Poinsettia
- minor GI and conjunctival irritant |
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What Christmas decoration causes SLUD without the U (becuase it is a GI irritant, not an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor)?
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Ilex (Holly)
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what are the two mushrooms that have the most muscarine? What clinical signs does it produce and why?
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- Inocybe and Clitocybe
- SLUD from muscarine acting at the [gasp] muscarinic receptors; acts like acetylcholine |
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If you had to choose, which two species of toxic mushrooms would you rather have on your pizza accidentally? Why?
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- Psilocybe or Paneolus
- because they are Group 4, hallucinogenic and sacred, but don't cause SLUD and intestinal spasms (Group 2 Inocybe and Clitocybe); opisthotonus, paddling, and coma (Group 3 Amamita - isoxazoles); and violent vomiting followed by liver and kidney failure (Group 1 Amanita) |
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why do some foxglove plants have nice, small, red flowers, but others don't?
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because they only bloom once every 2 years
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why should you not bring your dog to Wine Wednesday?
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1. because the grape tannins, polyphenols, or possibly resveratrol will cause severe GI and renal disease
2. dogs don't like to be drunk 3. dogs are not allowed into Boureaux's |
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name seven bulb plants: common name and species
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1. Tulips - Tulipa spp.
2. Iris - Iris spp. 3. Hyacinths - Hyacinthus spp. 4. Amaryllis - Hippeastrum spp. 5. Daffodil, jonquil - Narcissus spp. 6. Autumn crocus - Colchicum spp. 7. Glory lily - Gloriosa spp. (nice job!) |
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what are the two most toxic bulb plants? what toxin do they produce?
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1. Autumn crocus
2. Glory lily - cholchicine (good luck remembering this word for boards!) |
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what toxin is found in most bulb plants
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lycorine
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how is toxicosis from lillies in the cat similar to NSAIDS?
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they both have a biphasic onset with GI early and renal after a few days
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if a cat in ARF is a disproportionately high level of creatinine (vs. BUN) in its urine, what toxicosis might you suspect?
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Lily
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name 2 types of household chemicals that are renal toxicants
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1. ethylene glycol
2. phenolic disinfectants |
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name 3 types of drugs that are renal toxicants
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1. NSAIDs
2. aminoglycoside antibiotics 3. sulfonamide antibiotics |
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name 5 plants that are renal toxicants (species affected)
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1. Pinus/Christmas trees (cats)
2. Quercus (horses, LA) 3. Acer (horse) 4. Lilium (cats) 5. grapes & raisins (SA) |
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name three rodenticides/herbicides that are renal toxicants
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1. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
2. Boric Acid 3. dipyridyl |
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name one toxicant that is a renal toxicant and destroys the GI tract of horses
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cantharidin (blister beetles)
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