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42 Cards in this Set

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What is a pathogen?
Disease-causing microorganisms (cellular and acellular); may INVADE (invasive) the human body.
True or False:

Pathogens are cellular.
False - pathogens can be cellular or acellular
Once a pathogen invades the human body, it can do either what of 2 things to cause a disease?
1. Cause infection
2. Produce toxins
What does it mean to be in a "state of disease"?
Results when a microorganism overcomes the body's defenses.
Define pathogenicity.
Qualitative (quality) ability to cause a disease.
Define virulence.
The EXTENT of a microbes ability to cause a disease.

Ex: # of cells to cause disease.
What are the steps to the development of a disease?
1. Exposure
2. Adherence
3. Invasion
4. Colonization & growth
5. EITHER: Toxicity or Invasiveness
6. Disease
During the development of a disease, what happens after "Colonization & Growth"?
Either toxicity or Invasiveness
What are 4 types of virulence factors?
1. Adhesion
2. Invasion factors
3. Colonization factors
4. Toxins
Define adhesion in regards to virulence.
The extent of attachment onto host cell at the surface of the body
What 2 ways do virulent bacteria invade the host?
Produce proteins that:

1. Disrupt host cell membrane
2. Stimulate endocytosis
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis is engulfing substances and exocytosis is releasing substances.
How do virulent bacteria colonize onto parts of the host body?
Produce SPECIAL PROTEINS
Many virulent factors are _____________ proteins.
Toxic
Give some examples of basic toxins.
Endotoxin, exotoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins, etc.
What is pathology?
The scientific study of disease
Pathology is concerned with what 3 criteria's of disease?
1. Etiology (cause)
2. Pathogenesis (development)
3. Effects
What is an infection?
The invasion and growth of pathogens in the body WITH or WITHOUT DISEASE.
What is a host?
An organism that shelters and supports the growth of pathogens
What is a disease?
An ABNORMAL STATE in which part or all of the body is NOT PROPERLY ADJUSTED or is INCAPABLE OF PERFORMING NORMAL FUNCTIONS
True or False:

Human and animals are usually germ free in utero (before birth; in uterus).
True
When does microbial colonization start with humans?
Soon after birth
What are "normal microbiota"?
Microbes that establish permanent colonies in/on the body without producing disease.
What normal microbiota lives on the skin, hair, and nasal passages?
S. aureus
Which normal microbiota lives in the intestines?
E. coli
Which normal microbiota colonize the teeth?
Streptococci
What are transient microbiota?
Microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear.
What are opportunistic micorbiota?
Do no cause disease under normal conditions but may do so in a different environment, or in an immunocompromised individual.

Example: E. coli doesn't do any harm within intestines but if it gets into bladder it can cause UTI.
What are some common opportunistic pathogens?
AIDS, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Kaposi's sarcoma virus, Candida infections.
What are 2 examples of microbial antagonism?
1. When normal microbiota can prevent pathogens from causing an infection.

2. When the normal microbiota populations lower in numbers, infections from unwanted microbes can result
what are 4 ways that normal microbiota can prevent pathogens from causing an infection?
- Prevents colonization by filling sites pathogens could colonize

- Competition of nutrients

- Production of antimicrobial compounds

- Stimulates the immune system
How can Candida yeast flourish in the vaginal tract of women?
The use of antibiotics that diminish lactobacillus populations
When taking antibiotics, patients have the risk of developing what 2 things?
1. Yeast infections (Candida)
2. C. diff
The normal microbiota and the host exist in what?
Symbiosis
What are the 3 types of symbiosis?
1. Commensalism
2. Mutualism
3. Parasitism
Explain commensalism symbiosis.
One organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Explain mutualism symbiosis.
Both organisms benefit one another.
Explain parasitism.
One organism benefits and one is harmed.
What does cooperation mean among microbes?
One microbe makes it possible for another to cause a disease or to produce more sever symptoms

Example: Oral Streptococci contain receptors for pathogens that cause periodontal diseases.
Which type of symbiosis is the following:

Staphylococcus epidermidis on the skin gives it a surface to grow.
Commensalism
Which type of symbiosis is the following:

E. coli in the intestine is a place to live with a food source. ALSO benefits the host by aiding the digestion and producing vitamin K.
Mutualism
Which type of symbiosis is the following:

Helicobacter pylori, which can cause infection in the lining of the stomach that often results in peptic ulcers.
Parasitism