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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a pathogen?
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Disease-causing microorganisms (cellular and acellular); may INVADE (invasive) the human body.
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True or False:
Pathogens are cellular. |
False - pathogens can be cellular or acellular
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Once a pathogen invades the human body, it can do either what of 2 things to cause a disease?
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1. Cause infection
2. Produce toxins |
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What does it mean to be in a "state of disease"?
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Results when a microorganism overcomes the body's defenses.
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Define pathogenicity.
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Qualitative (quality) ability to cause a disease.
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Define virulence.
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The EXTENT of a microbes ability to cause a disease.
Ex: # of cells to cause disease. |
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What are the steps to the development of a disease?
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1. Exposure
2. Adherence 3. Invasion 4. Colonization & growth 5. EITHER: Toxicity or Invasiveness 6. Disease |
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During the development of a disease, what happens after "Colonization & Growth"?
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Either toxicity or Invasiveness
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What are 4 types of virulence factors?
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1. Adhesion
2. Invasion factors 3. Colonization factors 4. Toxins |
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Define adhesion in regards to virulence.
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The extent of attachment onto host cell at the surface of the body
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What 2 ways do virulent bacteria invade the host?
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Produce proteins that:
1. Disrupt host cell membrane 2. Stimulate endocytosis |
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What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
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Endocytosis is engulfing substances and exocytosis is releasing substances.
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How do virulent bacteria colonize onto parts of the host body?
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Produce SPECIAL PROTEINS
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Many virulent factors are _____________ proteins.
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Toxic
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Give some examples of basic toxins.
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Endotoxin, exotoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins, etc.
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What is pathology?
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The scientific study of disease
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Pathology is concerned with what 3 criteria's of disease?
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1. Etiology (cause)
2. Pathogenesis (development) 3. Effects |
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What is an infection?
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The invasion and growth of pathogens in the body WITH or WITHOUT DISEASE.
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What is a host?
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An organism that shelters and supports the growth of pathogens
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What is a disease?
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An ABNORMAL STATE in which part or all of the body is NOT PROPERLY ADJUSTED or is INCAPABLE OF PERFORMING NORMAL FUNCTIONS
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True or False:
Human and animals are usually germ free in utero (before birth; in uterus). |
True
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When does microbial colonization start with humans?
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Soon after birth
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What are "normal microbiota"?
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Microbes that establish permanent colonies in/on the body without producing disease.
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What normal microbiota lives on the skin, hair, and nasal passages?
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S. aureus
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Which normal microbiota lives in the intestines?
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E. coli
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Which normal microbiota colonize the teeth?
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Streptococci
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What are transient microbiota?
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Microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear.
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What are opportunistic micorbiota?
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Do no cause disease under normal conditions but may do so in a different environment, or in an immunocompromised individual.
Example: E. coli doesn't do any harm within intestines but if it gets into bladder it can cause UTI. |
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What are some common opportunistic pathogens?
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AIDS, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Kaposi's sarcoma virus, Candida infections.
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What are 2 examples of microbial antagonism?
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1. When normal microbiota can prevent pathogens from causing an infection.
2. When the normal microbiota populations lower in numbers, infections from unwanted microbes can result |
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what are 4 ways that normal microbiota can prevent pathogens from causing an infection?
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- Prevents colonization by filling sites pathogens could colonize
- Competition of nutrients - Production of antimicrobial compounds - Stimulates the immune system |
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How can Candida yeast flourish in the vaginal tract of women?
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The use of antibiotics that diminish lactobacillus populations
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When taking antibiotics, patients have the risk of developing what 2 things?
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1. Yeast infections (Candida)
2. C. diff |
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The normal microbiota and the host exist in what?
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Symbiosis
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What are the 3 types of symbiosis?
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1. Commensalism
2. Mutualism 3. Parasitism |
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Explain commensalism symbiosis.
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One organism benefits and the other is unaffected
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Explain mutualism symbiosis.
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Both organisms benefit one another.
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Explain parasitism.
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One organism benefits and one is harmed.
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What does cooperation mean among microbes?
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One microbe makes it possible for another to cause a disease or to produce more sever symptoms
Example: Oral Streptococci contain receptors for pathogens that cause periodontal diseases. |
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Which type of symbiosis is the following:
Staphylococcus epidermidis on the skin gives it a surface to grow. |
Commensalism
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Which type of symbiosis is the following:
E. coli in the intestine is a place to live with a food source. ALSO benefits the host by aiding the digestion and producing vitamin K. |
Mutualism
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Which type of symbiosis is the following:
Helicobacter pylori, which can cause infection in the lining of the stomach that often results in peptic ulcers. |
Parasitism
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