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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transnationalization of professions [Fourcade] |
1. common market [EU] 2. International jurisdictions [international criminal law] 3. creative destruction. thereconstruction of an existing jurisdiction through the diffusion of a particularset of norms and practices [economics profession] |
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Mechanisms that sustain trans-nationalizatin [Fourcade] |
1.Broadly univerlistic rhetoric 2. transformation of knowledge into political and bureaucratic power [initially at national level] 3. Existence of transnational linkages |
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Epistemic arbitrage [Seabrooke] |
Professionalscan mediate between different pools of knowledge for strategic advantage toposition themselves and their preferred skill set and knowledge as the best wayto address problems. Epistemic arbitrage involves more than just leveraginginformation that is readily understandable to different networks. Rather itexploits differences in professional knowledge that allow to promote aparticular understanding of how problems should be treated. |
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Transnational environment versus national environment |
Thin versus thick. Thin: Ambiguity, distributed agency, no authority, competition. [Structural holes and wormholes] Thick: national context. clear authority. little ambiguity. less structural holes. |
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Structure versus agency [van apppeldoorn] |
Structure conditions agency is often mediated by ideas/beliefs
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The NGO scramble |
institutional environment conditions NGO behavior. [Marketization, short term contracts, dysfunftion.] |
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Issue adoption of NGOs/TANs |
1. organizational fit: whether or not it fits the ideational turf of the TAN relative to other actors 2. impacts on existing issues: how it relates to the networks existing efforts 3. frame conflicts/ inter-network competition: how much consensus can be forged with allies 4.. The broader poitical context funding) Hence, NGOs and TANs function as gatekeepers in transnational issue adaption |
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Fields [Bourdieu] |
the ensemble of actors, practices and insitutional processes that are involved in the creation, maintenance, and change of the law which regulates actions or events that transcend national frontiers. They are understood as sites of struggle where participant challenge each other for forms of capital including symbolic or disguised forms of capital [e.g. prestige]. Four types of capital: 1. economic 2. cultural [education, cultural awareness, tastes] 3. social: support provided by influence/inclusion into networks that are valued within particular fields 4. .symbolic: legitimization or recognition of an actor's status within a field [e.g. prestige]. Acquired by using other forms of capital. |
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Transnational law making process [Quack] [Institutional emergence and change in the transnational field] |
1. deliberate institution building [strategic law-making]
2. emergent institution building [incidental law-making] the two do not have to be distinct but can feed into each other |
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Structural holes |
the absence of a tie among a pair of nodes in the ego network. |
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Centrality |
1. degree - number of ties connnected to in a network 2. betweenness - counts the number of shortest paths that pass through a node [indicator of an actor's ability to block or facilitate the flow of informations. 3. eigenvector - a variation of degree centrality that considers the importance of a node's alters. 4. closeness - the sum of the shortest distances from all other nodes in the network [indication of an actor's ability to disseminate information and knowledge without relying on other actors]. |
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Network |
a set of actors or nodes along with a set of specific relations that connect them |
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small world theory |
transnational networks have large geographic distances. ties to central organizations/actors can minimize these distances, facilitated by interpersonal ties and trust |
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multiple insiders |
the moving between sectors and organizations in one's career path. |
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strength of weak ties |
may generate unique knowledge of activities that are at a greater social distance form an actor's immediate neighborhood --> more knowledge/information to be accessed. |
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relational sociology |
agency engaged in structural setting that it both reproduces and transforms. |
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Social network analysis and Power |
Power defined as conditioned by the position that actor's occupy in one or more networks. |
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Structural folds |
strong ties to diverse sets of resources/groups [multiple insider]. Brokerage-plus-closure: connectivity outside the group provides the means to identify new ideas outside the group. Cohesive ties within the group provide for trust and mutual understanding for implementation. |
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Intercohesion |
mutually interpenetrating, cohesive structures. Measured by number of structural folds. [# of structural folds positively related to group performance and positively related to group break up |
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Adjacency matrix |
case-by-case or affiliation-by-affiliation |
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incidence matrix |
relational data in case-by-affiliation matrix |
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Sequence analysis [Abbott, Blanchard] |
Sequence a series of states and events. 5 goals of SA: 1, describe and present sequences 2. comparing and classifying 3. sequence mining (looking for patterns) 4. patterns among groups (when is there change) 5. explain trajectories (likely occurences) |
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Sociology of professions versus sociology of expertise |
Jurisdictional struggles are waged not only between established professions but also between any groups that can lay a claim to expertise. experts: actors who make claims to jurisdictions based on profession, skill, credibility. expertise: the capacity to accomplish a task better and faster. conceptualized as a network linking agents. |
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Professional emergence Seabrooke and Tsingou |
Thin environments create room to turn issue distinctions into hinges that can produce narratives on issue treatment. Hinges: professional strategies that transform more than one profession at the same time. They facilitate professional cooperation but also reinforce professional boundaries. Avatars: an existing profession's expansion into other social sciences. Issue distinctions: emerge from arenas as professionals articulate their position on what is important even if the how is not yet clear. |
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Epistemic communities |
knowledge-based, transnational networks of professionals holding political power through cognitive authority |
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Polycentric governance |
governance systems that involve multiple and relatively independent sites of decision-making operating at different scales serving similar goals under a broad global policy framework [UNFCCC] Can be created by diffusion of transnational policy ideas that do not find immediate homes in already existing polities like nation-states |
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Issue professionals |
individuals who move between professional and organizational networks. They cooperate and compete with each other over how issues are treated, and who and what organizations are permitted to work on them. Three characteristics: 1. claim to particular expertise 2. expertise not based on expert consensus but professional experience. 3. they seek to advance their agenda by exploiting structural holes (folds?). It is about issue control rather than the development of new ideas/issues [i.e. issue entrepreneurs] |
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issue entrepreneurs |
professionals who campaign for, or invent, issues. |
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Club |
elite peer recognition, common and mutually reinforcing interests, and an ambition to provide global public goods in line with values its members consider honorable. Driven by reputation and status, and club benefits and the power to negotiate rules. It is an arena where there is competition for ideas and influence. It is highly protected from outside pressure. Membership is restricted but not based on common ideational commitment. [micro location with focus on individual actors within the club] club governance best suited to policy creation rather than to speak with a unique and singular voice during a period of acute uncertainty |
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Legal indeterminacy |
Law is socially constructed. These norms reflect on the views and values of agents when legal texts are interpreted --> interpretation involves social and political power. Legal arguments are perceived as technical although their judgement is inherently normative [habitus] |
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5 levels of analysis in therm of the transnationaloization of professions |
1. clients 2. practitioners 3. universities 4. governance regimes 5. the firm beyond the nation state. |
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Lukes' power framework |
1. the power resources [financial and networks] 2. power of process [revolving doors/mindset alignment] 3. power of meaning [defining problems and suggesting solutions |
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NG0/I0s/Firms characteristics |
1 sc0pe mandate 2 auton0my fr0m principa 3 res0urces 4 staffing 5 kn0wedge centra7izati0n |
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f7ex |
mu7tip7e strategic c7aims t0 p0siti0n in a netw0rk |
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expert |
m0n0p07y -supp7y aut0n0my - demand we77 defined jurisdicti0ns |
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expertise |
mu7tip7te parties trave7s acr0ss jurisdicti0ns |
