Topics 6.5, 6.6, 2.8, 2.9

Front 1

Neurons transmit what kinds of impulses?

Back 1

Electrical impulses

Front 2

The myelination of nerve fibres allow for what?

Back 2

Saltatory conduction

Front 3

Neurons pump sodium and potassium ions across their membranes togenerate what?

Back 3

A resting potential

Front 4

Neurons receive information about the world from which kinds of cells?

Back 4

Receptor cells

Front 5

What kinds of cells do neurons send information to?

Back 5

Effector cells such as muscles and glands

Front 6

What are neurons?

Back 6

Super specialized cells of the nervous system

Front 7

________ receives information. The message begins here.

Back 7

Dendrites

Front 8

____ sends information. The message passes to the next thing

Back 8

Axon

Front 9

The electrical impulse is __________ down the neuron; a domino effect of channels open in a row to allow Na+ into the cell.

Back 9

propagated

Front 10

A section of a neuron that is not activated is at _______ potential.

Back 10

Resting

Front 11

A segment of a neuron that is activated is at ______ potential.

Back 11

Action

Front 12

Na+ channels open when they sense a nearby action potential, aka they are _______-_____.

Back 12

Voltage-gated

Front 13

A segment of a neuron opens its Na+ channels, Na+ rushes in, and that part of a cell goes from a negative resting potential to a positive action potential

Back 13

Depolarization

Front 14

A segment of a neuron at action potential shuts its Na+ gates but opens its K+ gates, K+ diffuses out of the cell, making that segment negative again

Back 14

Repolarization

Front 15

An active transport protein that pumps Na+ out and K+ in to maintain the resting potential

Back 15

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Front 16

The minimum potential needed to cause enough voltage-gated Na+ channels to open and cause an action potential at that segment of the neuron

Back 16

Threshold potential

Front 17

Many neurons wrap segments of their axons in an insulating lipid called ______.

Back 17

Myelin

Front 18

Uninsulated portions of an axon that are the only depolarized parts during a nerve impulse

Back 18

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 19

True or false: neurons are directly connected to one another.

Back 19

False; neurons are separated from each other by a small space

Front 20

The small space between two neurons

Back 20

synapse

Front 21

To get to the next neuron, the electrical impulse is converted into a ________ signal

Back 21

Chemical

Front 22

The chemical that diffuses across the synapse from the pre-synaptic to the post-synaptic neuron

Back 22

Neurotransmitter

Front 23

What is the first step of Synaptic transmission?

Back 23

An action potential is propagated down the pre-synaptic neuron

Front 24

What is the second step of synaptic transmission?

Back 24

The action potential reaches the end of the axon of the pre-synaptic neuron

Front 25

What is the third step of synaptic transmission?

Back 25

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+diffuses into the pre-synaptic axon terminal

Front 26

What is the fourth step of synaptic transmission?

Back 26

Ca2+ causes exocytosis of neurotransmitter into the synapse

Front 27

What is the fifth step of synaptic transmission?

Back 27

The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and binds to neurotransmitter receptors on the post-synaptic dendrite. These receptors activate Na+ channels. Na+ rushes into the post-synaptic neuron

Front 28

What is the sixth step of synaptic transmission?

Back 28

If enough neurotransmitter causes enough receptors to open, enough Na+ will rush in to reach the threshold potential in the post-synaptic dendrite. An action potential will then be initiated and propagated along the post-synaptic neuron neurotransmitters

Front 29

After binding to the receptors, what happens to the neurotransmitters?

Back 29

They are broken down and reuptaken in the pre-synaptic neuron (or else the post-synaptic neuron would continue firing)

Front 30

What is one very important example of a neurotransmitter?

Back 30

Acetylcholine

Front 31

What do neonicotinoid pesticides do?

Back 31

Bind to acetylcholine receptors

Front 32

Molecules produced by glands that go into the bloodstream and have wide-reaching consequences on many cells

Back 32

Hormones

Front 33

Homeostasis is maintained through what?

Back 33

Negative feedback

Front 34

Where is insulin produced?

Back 34

In the B cells of the pancreas

Front 35

Which hormones signals the liver to take glucose out of the blood and store it as glycogen?

Back 35

Insulin

Front 36

Where is glucagon produced?

Back 36

In the a cells of the pancreas

Front 37

Which hormone signals the liver to hydrolyze the glycogen into glucose, and release it into the blood?

Back 37

Glucagon

Front 38

What is diabetes?

Back 38

Inability of insulin to take glucose out of the blood

Front 39

What is Type I diabetes?

Back 39

Type I is early onset, which is an auto-immune disorder where the immune system killed the B cells of the pancreas. You can't produce insulin. Treated with insulin shots

Front 40

What is Type II Diabetes?

Back 40

Adult onset. Decades of high blood sugar levels and high insulin has caused an insensitivity to insulin. You produce insulin but cells don't respond to it. Treated with diet and exercise.

Front 41

What is the hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases metabolic activity of all cells

Back 41

Thyroxin

Front 42

What is increased metabolic activity needed for?

Back 42

To heat up or increase energy use after a meal

Front 43

What is adipose tissue?

Back 43

A group of cells that store fat

Front 44

What is the hormone secreted by adipose tissue which goes to the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite?

Back 44

Leptin

Front 45

True or False: Leptin was able decrease obesity in patients that had leptin deficiencies.

Back 45

True

Front 46

Which hormone makes you sleepy and is produced in low light conditions?

Back 46

Melatonin

Front 47

Where is the hormone melatonin produced?

Back 47

The pineal gland

Front 48

Where is the hormone testosterone produced?

Back 48

The testes

Front 49

What are the 3 effects of testosterone?

Back 49

Prenatal development of male genitalia, producing sperm in the testes, secondary sexual characteristics during puberty such as deeper voice

Front 50

What is the function of the testes

Back 50

Sperm production

Front 51

What is the function of the Vas Deferens?

Back 51

Tube to transport sperm (aka sperm duct)

Front 52

What is the function of the seminal vesicle and prostate gland?

Back 52

semen production

Front 53

What is the function of the urethra

Back 53

exit tube for semen and urine

Front 54

Which hormones cause prenatal development of female genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics such as enlarged breasts during puberty?

Back 54

Estrogen and progesterone

Front 55

What is the function of the ovaries?

Back 55

egg and hormone production

Front 56

What is the function of the fallopian tube?

Back 56

Site of fertilization, carries embryo to uterus

Front 57

What is the function of the uterus?

Back 57

Site of embryo implantation, baby develops here

Front 58

What is the function of the cervix?

Back 58

Birth canal

Front 59

What is the endometrium?

Back 59

The lining of the uterus

Front 60

Where are FSH and LH produced?

Back 60

The pituitary gland of the brain

Front 61

Where are estrogen and progesterone produced?

Back 61

the ovaries

Front 62

The egg develops inside the ovary supported by a group of cells called the ________.

Back 62

Follicle

Front 63

Which hormone stimulates development of the egg and does positive feedback on estrogen?

Back 63

FSH

Front 64

Which hormone repairs the endometrium and does positive feedback on LH?

Back 64

Estrogen

Front 65

Which hormone causes ovulation and does positive feedback on progesterone?

Back 65

LH

Front 66

If levels of this hormone fall, menstruation occurs, and also it does negative feedback of LH and FSH to prevent another ovulation

Back 66

progesterone

Front 67

What does IVF stand for?

Back 67

In vitro fertilization

Front 68

What is IVF?

Back 68

The fusion of a sperm cell and egg cell in a petri dish which is implanted for an artificial pregnancy

Front 69

What is the first step of IVF?

Back 69

Drugs are given to suspend normal production of menstrual hormones

Front 70

What is the second step of IVF?

Back 70

FSH and LH are given to cause super ovulation (release of multiple eggs)

Front 71

What is the third step of IVF?

Back 71

Multiple eggs are harvested and fused with sperm cells in a lab

Front 72

What is the fourth step of IVF?

Back 72

Multiple zygotes are nourished to grow into embryos

Front 73

What is the fifth step of IVF?

Back 73

Multiple embryos are implanted into surrogate mother

Front 74

Who said that all life develops from the egg cell when it is influenced by semen?

Back 74

William Harvey

Front 75

What does ATP stand for?

Back 75

Adenosine triphosphate

Front 76

What is the main energy carrier in every cell?

Back 76

ATP

Front 77

Adenosine with phosphates is called what?

Back 77

ADP

Front 78

True or false: ADP is a low-energy molecule

Back 78

true

Front 79

What is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP?

Back 79

Cell respiration

Front 80

Breaking the carbon-carbon bonds in _______ molecules releases the energy to put a P on ADP

Back 80

Organic

Front 81

Which organelle is responsible for aerobic respiration?

Back 81

Mitochondrion

Front 82

Respiration always begins with what?

Back 82

Glycolysis

Front 83

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 83

In the cytoplasm

Front 84

What is the conversion of pyruvate to a waste product to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis?

Back 84

Fermentation

Front 85

What is the waste product of fermentation in animals?

Back 85

Lactic acid or lactate

Front 86

What is the waste product of fermentation in Yeast?

Back 86

Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide

Front 87

How can we measure cell respiration?

Back 87

By the decrease in oxygen or the increase in carbon dioxide

Front 88

What is a respirometer?

Back 88

a device to measure cell respiration in an organism by measuring changes in oxygen or carbon dioxide levels

Front 89

What is the first step of an experiment to measure cell respiration?

Back 89

Place seeds in a test tube with a base to absorb any produced carbon dioxide out of the air. All changes in gas volume will be from a decrease in oxygen

Front 90

What is the second step of an experiment to measure cell reparation?

Back 90

Seal test tube with a rubber stopper

Front 91

What is anaerobic respiration, essentially?

Back 91

Glycolysis followed by fermentation

Front 92

What is aerobic respiration, essentially?

Back 92

Glycolysis followed by complete oxidation of pyruvate

Front 93

What is the production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy?

Back 93

Photosynthesis

Front 94

Where does photosynthesis happen?

Back 94

In the chloroplast

Front 95

What is using light energy to split something?

Back 95

Photolysis

Front 96

What are the three products of photolysis?

Back 96

Oxygen, high energy electrons, and H+

Front 97

What is the evidence that ancient photosynthesis changed our atmospheric composition?

Back 97

Oxidized minerals deposited in deep rock

Front 98

True or false: visible light is between 400 and 700 nanometers

Back 98

True

Front 99

What is Earth's main photosynthetic pigment that absorbs red and blue light while reflecting green?

Back 99

Chlorophyll

Front 100

What is the absorption spectrum?

Back 100

The spectrum of which wavelengths are absorbed well by a specific photosynthetic pigment

Front 101

What is the total absorption percentage of light by a plant using all of its photosynthetic pigments?

Back 101

Action spectrum

Front 102

What is an environmental condition that can limit the rate of reaction?

Back 102

A limiting factor