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165 Cards in this Set

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Sterile

Cannot to have kids

Sterile : Unable to have kids

Infertile

Difficulty conceiving

Infertile: Difficulty conceiving

Causes of sterility or infertility ( Men) Blocked epididymiss or Vas Deferens

Possible caused : STIs

Causes of sterility or infertility ( Men) Blocked epididymiss or Vas Deferens : Possible caused : STIs

Low sperm count


in men

overheated testes, smoking, alcohol

overheated testes, smoking, alcohol

High proportion of abnormal / non - viable sperm ( can't have sperm)

Overheated testes, toxins, radiation, STIs

Overheated testes, toxins, radiation, STIs

Impotence in men

Vascular disease, nervous system injury, stress, hormonal balance, medication, smoking, alcohol,

Vascular disease, nervous system injury, stress, hormonal balance, medication, smoking, alcohol,

Blocked fallopian tube

STIs

STIs

Failure to ovulate

Hormonal imbalance, malnourishment, stress

Hormonal imbalance, malnourishment, stress

Damaged eggs

Toxins and radiation

Toxins and radiation

Endometriosis

where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus (painfull)

where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus (painfull)

Cause of Endometriosis

Genetics, hormone imbalance, immune factors, toxins

Genetics, hormone imbalance, immune factors, toxins

Social perspective

Relates to society as a whole.

Relates to society as a whole.

Cultural perspective

Relates Behavior, beliefs

Relates Behavior, beliefs

Environmental perspective

Relates Ecology, ecological management and human effects on the environment.

Relates Ecology, ecological management and human effects on the environment.

Ethical perspective

Relates to moral and right or wrong

Relates to moral and right or wrong

Economical perspective

Relates to Cost, benefits and effects of some technology

Relates to Cost, benefits and effects of some technology

Fertilization occurs in the

Fertilization occurs in the Fallopian tube (with in 24hrs of ovulation)

Fallopian tube (with in 24hrs of ovulation)

In fertilization

In fertilization Millions of sperm are released in a ejaculation, but most don't survive the acidic surrounding of the vagina, and the female immune system. Only a few make it.

Millions of sperm are released in a ejaculation, but most don't survive the acidic surrounding of the vagina, and the female immune system. Only a few make it.

When the sperm reaches the egg

The acrosome releases enzyme to digest jelly coat surrounding the egg

When the sperm reaches the egg The acrosome releases enzyme to digest jelly coat surrounding the egg

Gametes ( n ) Fuse to form a

Fuse to form a zygote ( 2N )

Gametes ( n ) Fuse to form a Fuse to form a zygote ( 2N )

Zygote

First single cell to form a new life

Zygote: First single cell to form a new life

When one sperm cell enters the egg

The egg make substance to stop any other sperm from entering

When on sperm cell enters the egg the egg secrets substance to inhibit any other sperm from entering

Zygote undergoes mitotic divisions

( cleavage) to form ball of cells called Morula ( 16 - 32 cells)

Zygote undergoes mitotic divisions ( cleavage) to form ball of cells called Morula ( 16 - 32 cells)

Morula develops into

Blastocyst ( Day 6)

Morula develops into blastocyst ( Day 6)

Blastocyst

A cavity ( space) that opens up the Morula

Blastocyst A cavity ( space) opens up the Morula

Chorion ( trophoblast)

Outer layer of blastocyst.


Chrion forms placenta and amion.

Outer layer of blastocyst. Chrion forms placenta and amion.

Inner cell mass

Will develop into embryo

Will develop into embryo

From ovulation to implantation :Day 1

First cleavage - cell divides by mitosis

First cleavage - cell divides by mitosis

From ovulation to implantation: Day 4:

16 - 32 cell stage. Ball of cells is called a Morula.

16 - 32 cell stage. Ball of cells is called a Morula.

From ovulation to implantation:Day 5

The cells of the Morula begin to move around to form an inner and outer layer of cells. The outer layer of flatten cells ( chorion) are important for implantation in the uterine lineing.

The cells of the Morula begin to move around to form an inner and outer layer of cells. The outer layer of flatten cells ( chorion) are important for implantation in the uterine lineing.

From ovulation to implantation


Day 6:

2 layers of cells line up around a hollow fluid filled cavity called blastocoel .The actual cell mass is called blastocyst.

2 layers of cells line up around a hollow fluid filled cavity called blastocoel .The actual cell mass is called blastocyst.

From ovulation to implantation :Day 7 Implantion

The blastocyst by means of villi and enzymes secreted by the chorion ( A membrane that forms around it). Implants itself in the uterine wall, results in pregnancy ( gestation). The chorion secrets HCG a hormone, which makes corpus luteum to make progesterone and estrogen for the first 3 months.

The blastocyst by means of villi and enzymes secreted by the chorion ( A membrane that forms around it). Implants itself in the uterine wall, resulting in pregnancy ( gestation). The chorion secrets HCG a hormone, which stimulates corpus luteum to make progesterone and estrogen for the first 3 months.

Stem cells from the blastocyst are

undifferentiated ( tottipotent). And used for stem cell research.

undifferentiated ( tottipotent). And used for stem cell research.

(Z) ebra make better guacamole every Friday day 0

Zygote - day 0 ( sperm + egg ) 0

Zebra (m) ake better guacamole every Friday day 4

Morula - day 4 ( 16 - 32 cells)

Morula - day 4 ( 16 - 32 cells)

Zebra make (b) etter guacamole every Friday day 6

Blastocyst - day 6 ** implantation. Outer layer ( chorion) secrets HCG and makes placenta

Blastocyst - day 6 ** implantation. Outer layer ( chorion) secrets HCG and makes placenta

Zebra make better (g) uacamole every Friday day 7

Gastrula - day 7 - 3 germ layers : ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm.

Gastrula - day 7 - 3 germ layers : ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm.

Neueralition

Makeing of neural Tube

Makeing of neural Tube

(M)esoderm

(M)iddle

(M)iddle

Ectoderm

Outter

Outter

Endoderm

Inner

Inner

Zebra make better guacamole every Friday

Embryo - Day 10 - chorion start to make the placenta

Embryo - Day 10 - chorion start to form the placenta

Zebra make better guacamole every Friday

Fetus - week 8 - called fetus because all major have started to develop

Fetus - week 8 - called fetus because all major have started to develop

In a ectopic pregnancy, a fertilized egg has implanted

Outside uterus in the fallopian tube.

In a ectopic pregnancy, a fertilized egg has implanted outside uterus in the fallopian tube.

Severe bleeding and possible death of the mother is caused by

Ectopic pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy

Outer layer of the blastocyst ( the chorion) starts to

secrete HCG when it implants in the endometrium on day 7.


Can cause morning sickness and the hormone is measured in pregnancy test.

Outer layer of the blastocyst ( the chorion) starts to secrete HCG when it implants in the endometrium on day 7.Can cause morning sickness and the hormone is measured in pregnancy test.

Pregnancy test

Check for HCG On the urine ( sometimes blood)

Pregnancy test for presence of HCG in the urine ( sometime blood)

Remember HCg :simaliar to LH

Keeps corpus lutem secreting progesterone and estrogen for 3 months.


Later on placenta secretes enough estrogen and progesterone.

Miscarriage

First 3 months progesterone ( corpus luteum comes from mother after the fetus placenta makes its own.


If mother stops progesterone and fetus ( placenta) Does not start then It's a miscarriage.


miscarriage.

If mother stops progesterone and fetus ( placenta) Does not start

Gasturalation day 7

Gasturalation is the proccess the inner cell mass of the blastula turns into 3 germ layers, ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.


During Gasturalation day 7

Embryo is called gastrula and cells starts form into organs, it's not stem cells anymore

Ectoderm

Skin, epididymiss.


Nervous system eyes ears. Outer layer.

Mesoderm (middle)

Skeleton, muscles gonads


So many Gonads

So many Gonads

Skeleton, muscles gonads

Endoderm ( outer)

Lining of digestive respitory system and endocrinecrine glands


Red

Red

Lining of Digestive Respitory system and Endocrinecrine glands

Neueralition

Formation of neural Tube and develops into brain and spinal cord, happens during Gasturalation

Chorion

Outer membrane of the blastocyst.


Secrets HCG for first 3 months.


Fetal contribution to the placenta.


gas / nutritients / wastes exchange.


Amnoin

Inner membrane of outer layer of blastula.



Fluid filled sac that protects embryo from infection, impact and temperature.




Allantois

Forms the umbilical cord.



Becomes part of the bladder.

Yolk sac

Small in humans ( forms blood cells)



In animals it provides nutrition



Placenta

Exchanges things betwen mom and fetus but does pass blood cells .



From mom : nutrients, oxygen, antibodies, virus, drugs alcohol



From fetus: crap ( cO2 urea)

Placenta is formed by

Villi from the chorine and goes into endometrium. Not developed until second trimester.

2 important hormones the placenta secrets

Estrogen and progesterone during 2nd and 3rd trimester.



Progesterone prevents contractions.



Progesterone and estrogen make the endometrium grow..

Progesterone.

prevents contractions

Progesterone and estrogen make

the endometrium grow

The baby gets from the umbilical vien

Oxygen nutrients and hormones

The umbilical arteries carries (Away)

Waste and carbon dioxide from baby.

The placenta acts as the lungs, when it does it

Passes O2 and cO2

The placenta acts as the small intestine when it does it

Provide nutrients

The placenta acts as the kidneys when it does it

Removes nitrogen waste and urea( urine) .


Gets rid of poo and pee.

The umbilical cord

Forms after 8 weeks


Runs from belt button of fetus to the placenta.


Has 2 arteries 1 vein.


Has 2 exceptions pulmonary and umbilical artery.

In umbilical cord 2 arteries carry

Deoxygenated blood away from the fetus to the mom

In umbilical cord viens carry

Oxygenated blood from the mom to the fetus

Why is a embryo considered a fetus

After 8/9 weeks embryo is called a fetus and all organs have started to develop

Identical twins

1 egg and 1 sperm and


share a placenta.

Fraternal twins ( frate house with rooms)

2 eggs and 2 sperm and


have separate placenta

Stages of pregnancy : trimester 1 (1 - 3) months

Development of germ layers ( Gasturalation)



9th week : Embryo fetus



Making organs ( organogenesis)



Sex develops.



Susceptible to environment factors



Teratogens :can increase both defects



Chorine secretes HCG - > corpus lutem secretes progesterone and estrogen.

What organ system do Teratogens have the most effect on?

Central nervous system, heart, mainly nervous system

When do Teratogens have the most effect on the fetus?

First trimester

Ex: of Teratogens

Alcohol, drugs

The male and female Organs originate in

Abdominal cavity

On the 3rd month of embryonic development the genes on

Sex chromosome cause Gonads tissue to turn into testes or ovaries.

What a boy a boy?

The y chromosome has a gene called the sex determining region Y ( SRY) and that triggers the sex determining region Y ( SRY) and that triggers males hormones production known as androgens (testosterone). The androgens starts the development of male hormones in fetus.

The sex determining region Y ( SRY)

triggers production males hormones known as androgens (testosterone). The androgens starts the development of male hormones in fetus.


Trimester 2 ( 4 - 6 months )

( 4 - 6 months )


Growth and refinement of tissue( mitosis)



Organs are forming, cartilage skeleton turns to bone.



Fetus can survive a the end of 6th month with medical care.



Placenta secrets progesterone and estrogen.

Trimester 3 ( months 7-9)

Fetus grow quickly



Organs gets bigger



Fat Is added



Respitory and circulatory are ready to for breathing



( months 7-9)


Testes goes into scrotum


3rd Trimester

A mother's bowls and organs get displaced by being pregnant

Gestation

Baby is a guest

Partition

Mom and baby part ways.


Birth :giving birth 40weeks

Low levels of progesterone are crucial to Labour.



High estrogen triggers oxytocin receptors in myometruim.



Rhythmic uterine contractions signal Labour.



Cervix starts to dilate



Amniotic membrane bursts water breaks

myometruim

Muscle layer of uterus

Birth :giving birth 40 weeks

High estrogen triggers oxytocin receptors in myometruim.


Birth :giving birth 40 weeks

Low levels of progesterone are crucial to Labour.

Birth :giving birth 40 weeks

Rhythmic uterine contractions signal Labour.

Birth :giving birth 40 weeks

Cervix starts to dilate

Birth :giving birth 40 weeks

Amniotic membrane bursts water breaks

Labour hormones ( PROP) 1.

1. Prostaglandins : local area hormone ( made in uterus) that works with oxytocin causeing uterine contractions.


Labour hormones ( PROP) 2.

Relaxin : made by Placenta, relaxes ligaments in pelvis, eases the way for baby

Labour hormones ( PROP) 3.

Oxytocin : made by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary, Postive feedback causes uterine contractions.

Labour hormones ( PROP) 4.

Prolactin :made by anterior pituitary, causes mammery glands to make milk

Stages of Labour : Dilation is basically

Labour ( the longest stage can be many hours)

Stages of Labour : expulsion is basically

Delivery

Stages of Labour : placement delivery is basically

After birth

1.Stages of Labour :


Dilation ( Labour ) (the longest stage can be many hours)

Dilation Stage: Uterine contacts and oxytocin cause cervix open or dilate. During this amniotic sac breaks and floods through vagina. Dilation stage is 2-20hrs.

Stages of Labour : expulsion ( Delivery)

Contractions push baby through cervix to the birth canal. As the baby move through the canal, the head rotates as it makes it easy for the body to go through the birth canal. Can last 0.5-2 hrs.

Stages of Labour : Placental Delivery ( After Birth)

10-15 mins after baby is born, the placenta and umbilical cord are taken out from uterus. The placenta is called the after birth.

The placenta outside the uterus

The after birth.

Episiotomy

Vagina Stretched with a Scalpel

Cesarean section ( c section)

Cut in the abdomen and uterus.


Used for babies in rump first position ( breech birth) and STI mom's

Epidural analgesa

Needle in the epidural space in spine, relives pain during Labour by blocking sensory pain receptors in neural pathway,


( numb from waist down)


Provides anesthesia for episiotomy or forceps for delivery.


Helps avoids slow heart rate.

Laction ( Breast feeding)

Production and secretion of Breast milk and High in protien and anti body to protect baby.


Colostrum :yellowish fluid made by mammery glands during first days after birth.

Colostrum :

yellowish fluid made by mammery glands during first days after birth.

Lactation and oxytocin ( Breast feeding ) 1.

Sucking triggers nerve ending in nipple and areola of boob

Lactation and oxytocin ( Breast feeding ) 2.

Neural pathway carry message to hypothalamus

Lactation and oxytocin ( Breast feeding ) 3.

Hypothalamus makes oxytocin, then posterior pituitary unleash oxytocin

Lactation and oxytocin ( Breast feeding ) 4.

Oxytocin causes mammery to contract

Prolactin

Increase milk production

Oxytocin

Increases milk release

Why is calcium important to breastfeeding mom

If there not enough calcium in mom's food then PTH is active and calcium Is removed from her bones

Chronic villi sampleing

A Needle that removes Fetal cells from chorine /placenta - >>generic testing.


Performed after 9th week.


Detects down syndrome, cystic fibrosis.

Amniocentesis

A Needle that takes out amniotic fluid sample that has Fetal cells. For Genetic / Karotypeing /hormone test.



Performed after 14th week.



99% accurate to detect in testing neural Tube defects like spina bifada

Ultrasound

Soundwaves sent through body shows pictures of insides stomach.

Karotype

A Chromosome map that detects disorder like down syndrome

Gel electrophoresis

Gene mapping detect unnormal things in dna

Emergency Contraception Pill - ECP

Has a High amount of estrogen and progesterone that prevents ovulation and taken 5 days after exposure to sperm.


75% effective - the sooner it's taken, the more effective it is.


Known as morning pill or plan b pill. ECP not a abortion pill.



ECP not a abortion pill.


S.V: Uterus

Orange

S.V: Ovary

Pink

S.V: fallopian tube ( oviduct)

Purple

S.V: Fimbre

Brown

S.V: Cervix

Green

S.V: Vagina

Light Blue

Fimbriae ( catches egg)

Yellow

Fallopian tube ( site of fertilization)

Purple

Endometrium ( uterine lineing )

Red

Uterus ( site of implantation)

Orange

Cervix ( opens uterus)

Light green

Vagina ( Birth Canal)

Light blue

Interstitial cells

1.

Follicles

2.

Meiosis

Empty box

Sperm

3.

4.

Sertoli cells

Estrogen

W

Fsh

X

Progesterone

Y

Lh

Z

Placenta

Light blue

Chorion

Orange

Amnion

Green

Cervical plug ( mucus helps keep pathogens out)

Purple

Cervix

Pink

Umbilical arteries ( 2) carries deoxygenated blood

Light blue on umbilical

Umbilical vien ( 1) carries oxygenated blood

Red

Amniotic fluid ( amniocentesis)

Yellow

Uterus

Light green

Vagina

Bottom light blue

Chorion

Top pink

Amnion

Light blue

Embryo

Light peach

Allantois

Green

Yolk sac

Yellow

Fetal portion of placenta

Bottom Pink

Maternal portion of placenta

Red