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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Sterile |
Cannot to have kids |
Sterile : Unable to have kids |
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Infertile |
Difficulty conceiving |
Infertile: Difficulty conceiving |
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Causes of sterility or infertility ( Men) Blocked epididymiss or Vas Deferens |
Possible caused : STIs |
Causes of sterility or infertility ( Men) Blocked epididymiss or Vas Deferens : Possible caused : STIs |
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Low sperm count in men |
overheated testes, smoking, alcohol |
overheated testes, smoking, alcohol |
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High proportion of abnormal / non - viable sperm ( can't have sperm) |
Overheated testes, toxins, radiation, STIs |
Overheated testes, toxins, radiation, STIs |
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Impotence in men |
Vascular disease, nervous system injury, stress, hormonal balance, medication, smoking, alcohol, |
Vascular disease, nervous system injury, stress, hormonal balance, medication, smoking, alcohol, |
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Blocked fallopian tube |
STIs |
STIs |
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Failure to ovulate |
Hormonal imbalance, malnourishment, stress |
Hormonal imbalance, malnourishment, stress |
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Damaged eggs |
Toxins and radiation |
Toxins and radiation |
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Endometriosis |
where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus (painfull) |
where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus (painfull) |
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Cause of Endometriosis |
Genetics, hormone imbalance, immune factors, toxins |
Genetics, hormone imbalance, immune factors, toxins |
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Social perspective |
Relates to society as a whole. |
Relates to society as a whole. |
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Cultural perspective |
Relates Behavior, beliefs |
Relates Behavior, beliefs |
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Environmental perspective |
Relates Ecology, ecological management and human effects on the environment. |
Relates Ecology, ecological management and human effects on the environment. |
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Ethical perspective |
Relates to moral and right or wrong |
Relates to moral and right or wrong |
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Economical perspective |
Relates to Cost, benefits and effects of some technology |
Relates to Cost, benefits and effects of some technology |
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Fertilization occurs in the |
Fertilization occurs in the Fallopian tube (with in 24hrs of ovulation) |
Fallopian tube (with in 24hrs of ovulation) |
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In fertilization |
In fertilization Millions of sperm are released in a ejaculation, but most don't survive the acidic surrounding of the vagina, and the female immune system. Only a few make it. |
Millions of sperm are released in a ejaculation, but most don't survive the acidic surrounding of the vagina, and the female immune system. Only a few make it. |
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When the sperm reaches the egg |
The acrosome releases enzyme to digest jelly coat surrounding the egg |
When the sperm reaches the egg The acrosome releases enzyme to digest jelly coat surrounding the egg |
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Gametes ( n ) Fuse to form a |
Fuse to form a zygote ( 2N ) |
Gametes ( n ) Fuse to form a Fuse to form a zygote ( 2N ) |
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Zygote |
First single cell to form a new life |
Zygote: First single cell to form a new life |
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When one sperm cell enters the egg |
The egg make substance to stop any other sperm from entering |
When on sperm cell enters the egg the egg secrets substance to inhibit any other sperm from entering |
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Zygote undergoes mitotic divisions |
( cleavage) to form ball of cells called Morula ( 16 - 32 cells) |
Zygote undergoes mitotic divisions ( cleavage) to form ball of cells called Morula ( 16 - 32 cells) |
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Morula develops into |
Blastocyst ( Day 6) |
Morula develops into blastocyst ( Day 6) |
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Blastocyst |
A cavity ( space) that opens up the Morula |
Blastocyst A cavity ( space) opens up the Morula |
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Chorion ( trophoblast) |
Outer layer of blastocyst. Chrion forms placenta and amion. |
Outer layer of blastocyst. Chrion forms placenta and amion. |
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Inner cell mass |
Will develop into embryo |
Will develop into embryo |
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From ovulation to implantation :Day 1 |
First cleavage - cell divides by mitosis |
First cleavage - cell divides by mitosis |
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From ovulation to implantation: Day 4: |
16 - 32 cell stage. Ball of cells is called a Morula. |
16 - 32 cell stage. Ball of cells is called a Morula. |
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From ovulation to implantation:Day 5 |
The cells of the Morula begin to move around to form an inner and outer layer of cells. The outer layer of flatten cells ( chorion) are important for implantation in the uterine lineing. |
The cells of the Morula begin to move around to form an inner and outer layer of cells. The outer layer of flatten cells ( chorion) are important for implantation in the uterine lineing. |
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From ovulation to implantation Day 6: |
2 layers of cells line up around a hollow fluid filled cavity called blastocoel .The actual cell mass is called blastocyst. |
2 layers of cells line up around a hollow fluid filled cavity called blastocoel .The actual cell mass is called blastocyst. |
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From ovulation to implantation :Day 7 Implantion |
The blastocyst by means of villi and enzymes secreted by the chorion ( A membrane that forms around it). Implants itself in the uterine wall, results in pregnancy ( gestation). The chorion secrets HCG a hormone, which makes corpus luteum to make progesterone and estrogen for the first 3 months. |
The blastocyst by means of villi and enzymes secreted by the chorion ( A membrane that forms around it). Implants itself in the uterine wall, resulting in pregnancy ( gestation). The chorion secrets HCG a hormone, which stimulates corpus luteum to make progesterone and estrogen for the first 3 months. |
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Stem cells from the blastocyst are |
undifferentiated ( tottipotent). And used for stem cell research. |
undifferentiated ( tottipotent). And used for stem cell research. |
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(Z) ebra make better guacamole every Friday day 0 |
Zygote - day 0 ( sperm + egg ) 0 |
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Zebra (m) ake better guacamole every Friday day 4 |
Morula - day 4 ( 16 - 32 cells) |
Morula - day 4 ( 16 - 32 cells) |
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Zebra make (b) etter guacamole every Friday day 6 |
Blastocyst - day 6 ** implantation. Outer layer ( chorion) secrets HCG and makes placenta |
Blastocyst - day 6 ** implantation. Outer layer ( chorion) secrets HCG and makes placenta |
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Zebra make better (g) uacamole every Friday day 7 |
Gastrula - day 7 - 3 germ layers : ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm. |
Gastrula - day 7 - 3 germ layers : ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm. |
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Neueralition |
Makeing of neural Tube |
Makeing of neural Tube |
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(M)esoderm |
(M)iddle |
(M)iddle |
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Ectoderm |
Outter |
Outter |
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Endoderm |
Inner |
Inner |
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Zebra make better guacamole every Friday |
Embryo - Day 10 - chorion start to make the placenta |
Embryo - Day 10 - chorion start to form the placenta |
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Zebra make better guacamole every Friday |
Fetus - week 8 - called fetus because all major have started to develop |
Fetus - week 8 - called fetus because all major have started to develop |
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In a ectopic pregnancy, a fertilized egg has implanted |
Outside uterus in the fallopian tube. |
In a ectopic pregnancy, a fertilized egg has implanted outside uterus in the fallopian tube. |
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Severe bleeding and possible death of the mother is caused by |
Ectopic pregnancy |
Ectopic pregnancy |
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Outer layer of the blastocyst ( the chorion) starts to |
secrete HCG when it implants in the endometrium on day 7. Can cause morning sickness and the hormone is measured in pregnancy test. |
Outer layer of the blastocyst ( the chorion) starts to secrete HCG when it implants in the endometrium on day 7.Can cause morning sickness and the hormone is measured in pregnancy test. |
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Pregnancy test |
Check for HCG On the urine ( sometimes blood) |
Pregnancy test for presence of HCG in the urine ( sometime blood) |
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Remember HCg :simaliar to LH |
Keeps corpus lutem secreting progesterone and estrogen for 3 months. Later on placenta secretes enough estrogen and progesterone. |
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Miscarriage |
First 3 months progesterone ( corpus luteum comes from mother after the fetus placenta makes its own. If mother stops progesterone and fetus ( placenta) Does not start then It's a miscarriage.
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miscarriage. |
If mother stops progesterone and fetus ( placenta) Does not start |
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Gasturalation day 7 |
Gasturalation is the proccess the inner cell mass of the blastula turns into 3 germ layers, ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
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During Gasturalation day 7 |
Embryo is called gastrula and cells starts form into organs, it's not stem cells anymore |
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Ectoderm |
Skin, epididymiss. Nervous system eyes ears. Outer layer. |
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Mesoderm (middle) |
Skeleton, muscles gonads So many Gonads |
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So many Gonads |
Skeleton, muscles gonads |
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Endoderm ( outer) |
Lining of digestive respitory system and endocrinecrine glands Red |
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Red |
Lining of Digestive Respitory system and Endocrinecrine glands |
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Neueralition |
Formation of neural Tube and develops into brain and spinal cord, happens during Gasturalation |
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Chorion |
Outer membrane of the blastocyst. Secrets HCG for first 3 months. Fetal contribution to the placenta. gas / nutritients / wastes exchange. |
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Amnoin |
Inner membrane of outer layer of blastula. Fluid filled sac that protects embryo from infection, impact and temperature. |
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Allantois |
Forms the umbilical cord. Becomes part of the bladder. |
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Yolk sac |
Small in humans ( forms blood cells) In animals it provides nutrition |
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Placenta |
Exchanges things betwen mom and fetus but does pass blood cells . From mom : nutrients, oxygen, antibodies, virus, drugs alcohol From fetus: crap ( cO2 urea) |
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Placenta is formed by |
Villi from the chorine and goes into endometrium. Not developed until second trimester. |
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2 important hormones the placenta secrets |
Estrogen and progesterone during 2nd and 3rd trimester. Progesterone prevents contractions. Progesterone and estrogen make the endometrium grow.. |
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Progesterone. |
prevents contractions |
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Progesterone and estrogen make |
the endometrium grow |
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The baby gets from the umbilical vien |
Oxygen nutrients and hormones |
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The umbilical arteries carries (Away) |
Waste and carbon dioxide from baby. |
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The placenta acts as the lungs, when it does it |
Passes O2 and cO2 |
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The placenta acts as the small intestine when it does it |
Provide nutrients |
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The placenta acts as the kidneys when it does it |
Removes nitrogen waste and urea( urine) . Gets rid of poo and pee. |
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The umbilical cord |
Forms after 8 weeks Runs from belt button of fetus to the placenta. Has 2 arteries 1 vein. Has 2 exceptions pulmonary and umbilical artery. |
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In umbilical cord 2 arteries carry |
Deoxygenated blood away from the fetus to the mom |
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In umbilical cord viens carry |
Oxygenated blood from the mom to the fetus |
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Why is a embryo considered a fetus |
After 8/9 weeks embryo is called a fetus and all organs have started to develop |
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Identical twins |
1 egg and 1 sperm and share a placenta. |
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Fraternal twins ( frate house with rooms) |
2 eggs and 2 sperm and have separate placenta |
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Stages of pregnancy : trimester 1 (1 - 3) months |
Development of germ layers ( Gasturalation)
9th week : Embryo fetus
Making organs ( organogenesis)
Sex develops.
Susceptible to environment factors
Teratogens :can increase both defects
Chorine secretes HCG - > corpus lutem secretes progesterone and estrogen. |
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What organ system do Teratogens have the most effect on? |
Central nervous system, heart, mainly nervous system |
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When do Teratogens have the most effect on the fetus? |
First trimester |
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Ex: of Teratogens |
Alcohol, drugs |
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The male and female Organs originate in |
Abdominal cavity |
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On the 3rd month of embryonic development the genes on |
Sex chromosome cause Gonads tissue to turn into testes or ovaries. |
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What a boy a boy? |
The y chromosome has a gene called the sex determining region Y ( SRY) and that triggers the sex determining region Y ( SRY) and that triggers males hormones production known as androgens (testosterone). The androgens starts the development of male hormones in fetus. |
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The sex determining region Y ( SRY) |
triggers production males hormones known as androgens (testosterone). The androgens starts the development of male hormones in fetus. |
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Trimester 2 ( 4 - 6 months ) |
( 4 - 6 months ) Growth and refinement of tissue( mitosis)
Organs are forming, cartilage skeleton turns to bone.
Fetus can survive a the end of 6th month with medical care.
Placenta secrets progesterone and estrogen. |
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Trimester 3 ( months 7-9) |
Fetus grow quickly
Organs gets bigger
Fat Is added
Respitory and circulatory are ready to for breathing
( months 7-9) Testes goes into scrotum
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3rd Trimester |
A mother's bowls and organs get displaced by being pregnant |
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Gestation |
Baby is a guest |
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Partition |
Mom and baby part ways.
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Birth :giving birth 40weeks |
Low levels of progesterone are crucial to Labour.
High estrogen triggers oxytocin receptors in myometruim.
Rhythmic uterine contractions signal Labour.
Cervix starts to dilate
Amniotic membrane bursts water breaks |
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myometruim |
Muscle layer of uterus |
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Birth :giving birth 40 weeks |
High estrogen triggers oxytocin receptors in myometruim.
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Birth :giving birth 40 weeks |
Low levels of progesterone are crucial to Labour. |
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Birth :giving birth 40 weeks |
Rhythmic uterine contractions signal Labour. |
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Birth :giving birth 40 weeks |
Cervix starts to dilate |
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Birth :giving birth 40 weeks |
Amniotic membrane bursts water breaks |
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Labour hormones ( PROP) 1. |
1. Prostaglandins : local area hormone ( made in uterus) that works with oxytocin causeing uterine contractions.
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Labour hormones ( PROP) 2. |
Relaxin : made by Placenta, relaxes ligaments in pelvis, eases the way for baby |
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Labour hormones ( PROP) 3. |
Oxytocin : made by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary, Postive feedback causes uterine contractions. |
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Labour hormones ( PROP) 4. |
Prolactin :made by anterior pituitary, causes mammery glands to make milk |
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Stages of Labour : Dilation is basically |
Labour ( the longest stage can be many hours) |
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Stages of Labour : expulsion is basically |
Delivery |
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Stages of Labour : placement delivery is basically |
After birth |
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1.Stages of Labour : Dilation ( Labour ) (the longest stage can be many hours) |
Dilation Stage: Uterine contacts and oxytocin cause cervix open or dilate. During this amniotic sac breaks and floods through vagina. Dilation stage is 2-20hrs. |
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Stages of Labour : expulsion ( Delivery) |
Contractions push baby through cervix to the birth canal. As the baby move through the canal, the head rotates as it makes it easy for the body to go through the birth canal. Can last 0.5-2 hrs. |
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Stages of Labour : Placental Delivery ( After Birth) |
10-15 mins after baby is born, the placenta and umbilical cord are taken out from uterus. The placenta is called the after birth. |
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The placenta outside the uterus |
The after birth. |
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Episiotomy |
Vagina Stretched with a Scalpel |
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Cesarean section ( c section) |
Cut in the abdomen and uterus. Used for babies in rump first position ( breech birth) and STI mom's |
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Epidural analgesa |
Needle in the epidural space in spine, relives pain during Labour by blocking sensory pain receptors in neural pathway, ( numb from waist down) Provides anesthesia for episiotomy or forceps for delivery. Helps avoids slow heart rate. |
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Laction ( Breast feeding) |
Production and secretion of Breast milk and High in protien and anti body to protect baby. Colostrum :yellowish fluid made by mammery glands during first days after birth. |
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Colostrum : |
yellowish fluid made by mammery glands during first days after birth. |
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Lactation and oxytocin ( Breast feeding ) 1. |
Sucking triggers nerve ending in nipple and areola of boob |
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Lactation and oxytocin ( Breast feeding ) 2. |
Neural pathway carry message to hypothalamus |
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Lactation and oxytocin ( Breast feeding ) 3. |
Hypothalamus makes oxytocin, then posterior pituitary unleash oxytocin |
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Lactation and oxytocin ( Breast feeding ) 4. |
Oxytocin causes mammery to contract |
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Prolactin |
Increase milk production |
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Oxytocin |
Increases milk release |
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Why is calcium important to breastfeeding mom |
If there not enough calcium in mom's food then PTH is active and calcium Is removed from her bones |
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Chronic villi sampleing |
A Needle that removes Fetal cells from chorine /placenta - >>generic testing. Performed after 9th week. Detects down syndrome, cystic fibrosis. |
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Amniocentesis |
A Needle that takes out amniotic fluid sample that has Fetal cells. For Genetic / Karotypeing /hormone test.
Performed after 14th week.
99% accurate to detect in testing neural Tube defects like spina bifada |
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Ultrasound |
Soundwaves sent through body shows pictures of insides stomach. |
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Karotype |
A Chromosome map that detects disorder like down syndrome |
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Gel electrophoresis |
Gene mapping detect unnormal things in dna |
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Emergency Contraception Pill - ECP |
Has a High amount of estrogen and progesterone that prevents ovulation and taken 5 days after exposure to sperm. 75% effective - the sooner it's taken, the more effective it is. Known as morning pill or plan b pill. ECP not a abortion pill.
ECP not a abortion pill.
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S.V: Uterus |
Orange |
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S.V: Ovary |
Pink |
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S.V: fallopian tube ( oviduct) |
Purple |
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S.V: Fimbre |
Brown |
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S.V: Cervix |
Green |
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S.V: Vagina |
Light Blue |
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Fimbriae ( catches egg) |
Yellow |
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Fallopian tube ( site of fertilization) |
Purple |
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Endometrium ( uterine lineing ) |
Red |
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Uterus ( site of implantation) |
Orange |
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Cervix ( opens uterus) |
Light green |
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Vagina ( Birth Canal) |
Light blue |
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Interstitial cells |
1. |
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Follicles |
2. |
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Meiosis |
Empty box |
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Sperm |
3. |
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4. |
Sertoli cells |
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Estrogen |
W |
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Fsh |
X |
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Progesterone |
Y |
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Lh |
Z |
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Placenta |
Light blue |
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Chorion |
Orange |
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Amnion |
Green |
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Cervical plug ( mucus helps keep pathogens out) |
Purple |
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Cervix |
Pink |
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Umbilical arteries ( 2) carries deoxygenated blood |
Light blue on umbilical |
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Umbilical vien ( 1) carries oxygenated blood |
Red |
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Amniotic fluid ( amniocentesis) |
Yellow |
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Uterus |
Light green |
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Vagina |
Bottom light blue |
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Chorion |
Top pink |
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Amnion |
Light blue |
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Embryo |
Light peach |
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Allantois |
Green |
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Yolk sac |
Yellow |
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Fetal portion of placenta |
Bottom Pink |
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Maternal portion of placenta |
Red |
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