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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the properties of lower and higher alcohols? |
Lower = soluble, high MP/BP. They can hydrogen bond with themselves and water. Therefore have low volatility. Higher = less soluble, as non polar carbon chain is insoluble. This reduces frequency of hydrogen bonds. |
Hydrogen bonds. Chain length. |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc.
Halogenoalkane To Primary alcohol |
Heat under reflux NaOH (aq) SN2 |
OH- neucleophile |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc.
Carboxylic acid to Aldehyde to Alcohol
Carboxylic acid to alcohol |
REDUCTION
1) NaBH4 +methanol @room temp.
2) LiALH4 in dry ether + dilute HCl |
Best reducing agent. |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc.
Alkene to alcohol |
Addition of H2O as steam.
H3PO4 @ 60atm + 300•C |
Gaseous water and Harry Potter |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc.
Alcohol To Halogenoalkane |
Add HBr in situ (Reflux w/ conc H2SO4 + NaBr) |
Same for alkene to Halogenoalkane |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc. + product
Acid chloride + alcohol |
= ester + HCl
@ room temp No catalyst needed.
Esterification. |
One way reaction, no catalyst and produces corrosive acid. |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc. + products.
Carboxylic acid + alcohol. |
Ester + H2O
Heat under reflux in excess alcohol w/H2SO4
Esterification. |
Uses acid catalyst |
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Pros and cons of using acid chloride over carboxylic acid for esterification? |
Pros = one way reaction so no excess of alcohol needed to increase production yield. No catalyst. Cons = produces corrosive acid. HCl |
Acids and catalysts |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc.
Primary alcohol To 1) Aldehyde Aldehyde To 2) Carboxylic acid Primary alcohol To 3) Carboxylic acid |
OXIDATION.
W/ H2SO4 + K2Cr2O4
1) distill 2) reflux 3) reflux |
Cond/Reag/Rxc. ALL THE SAME. |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc.
Primary alcohol To Alkene + H2O |
Elimination/dehydration
Conc H2SO4 or conc H3PO4 @170•C
Or
Pass vapour over Al2O3 catalyst @350•C |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc.
Secondary alcohols To Ketones |
Heat under reflux W/ acidified potassium dichromate |
Orange to green colour change |
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Carbon neutral definition? |
CO2 removed from the atm = CO2 produced during combustion. |
C2H5OH + 3O2 = 2CO2 + 3H2O |
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Why is phenol acidic? |
As it forms a stable phenoxide ion (negative) it is stable as the negative charge on the oxygen is delocalised in to the pi electron system. Makes phenol soluble. |
Can be creating my dissolving with NaOH(aq) this makes it more reactive. |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc.
Phenol + 2Br2 |
Gives 2,4,6 triboro-phenol In soluble
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This is a test for a phenol. Br(aq) is decolourised and the boro-phenol solidifies into a white ppt. |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc. Products?
Phenol + acid chloride |
Produces ester + HCl
NaOH(aq)
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Produce phenoxide ion first |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc. Products?
Phenol + acid chloride |
Produces ester + HCl
NaOH(aq)
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Produce phenoxide ion first |
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Observations when FeCl3 is added to phenol? |
Yellow to purple colour change |
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Reagents and conds of tollens? |
AgNO3 + NH3 + drops NaOH
Test for aldehydes
Silver mirror |
Ag+ ions present |
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Fehlings conds and reagents? |
Also known as benedicts.
Test for aldehyde
Blue to brick red colour change |
Benedicts |
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Fehlings conds and reagents? |
Also known as benedicts.
Test for aldehyde
Blue to brick red colour change |
Benedicts |
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Reagents and conds of Brady's reagent? |
2,4 DNPH
Orange/Yellow ppt
Aldehydes and ketones. |
DNPH |
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Fehlings conds and reagents? |
Also known as benedicts.
Test for aldehyde
Blue to brick red colour change |
Benedicts |
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Reagents and conds of Brady's reagent? |
2,4 DNPH
Orange/Yellow ppt
Aldehydes and ketones. |
DNPH |
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Addition of a carbon? |
Neucleophilic addition HCN. From Potassium cyanide
In situ w/ H2SO4 + KCN And ethanol |
Hydrogen cyanide |
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Iodoform? |
Secondary alcohol or ethanol
KI (aq) + NaOH (aq)
Pale yellow ppt MP12•C |
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Properties of carboxylic acids? |
Soluble in water if short chained Self bonding - H bonds Forms a dimer therefore low volatility Acidic due to resonance of H on acid group... Over all negative |
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Iodoform? |
Secondary alcohol or ethanol
KI (aq) + NaOH (aq)
Pale yellow ppt MP12•C |
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Properties of carboxylic acids? |
Soluble in water if short chained Self bonding - H bonds Forms a dimer therefore low volatility Acidic due to resonance of H on acid group... Over all negative |
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Define volatility? |
The readiness of a molecule to become a gas... Usually reduces my the ability to self bond. |
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Iodoform? |
Secondary alcohol or ethanol
KI (aq) + NaOH (aq)
Pale yellow ppt MP12•C |
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Properties of carboxylic acids? |
Soluble in water if short chained Self bonding - H bonds Forms a dimer therefore low volatility Acidic due to resonance of H on acid group... Over all negative |
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Define volatility? |
The readiness of a molecule to become a gas... Usually reduces my the ability to self bond. |
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In order of acidity
Alcohol H2O Carboxylic acid Phenol |
H2O Alcohol Phenol Carboxylic acid |
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A test for an acid ? |
Add Na2CO3
Produces bubbles CO2 (g) |
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Nitrile to amine CtripleN to NH2 |
LiAlH4 in dry ether |
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Cond/Reag/Rxc.
Carboxylic acid To Acid chloride |
Anhydrous PCl5 or SOCl2 |
Pickles or socls |
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Acid chloride To Amide |
Conc NH3 (aq) |
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Acid chloride To Amide |
Conc NH3 (aq) |
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Acid hydrolysis H+ Alkaline hydrolysis OH- |
Reflux + Heat H2O
Alkaline produces salt... Needs HCL TO RELEASE
remember Na+ |
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To lose a carbon ? |
SODALIME
NaOH + Ca(OH)2
Gives product + Na2CO3 and H2O |
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Synthesis of a polyester? |
Two bi functional monomers A diol and a dioic acid
W/ conc H2SO4 catalyst Produces water |
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Carboxylic acid From Alkybenzene |
Alkaline KMnO4 Reflux + NaCO3
Produces the salt White ppt |
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