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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is the Design Cycle represented?
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Graphically to show structural elements of the process and how they interact.
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What is the Design Cycle commonly used in?
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Product design, engineering, architecture and marketing.
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Does the design process vary and what elements does it contain?
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It may vary and contains the following elements - market need, clarification of task, specification, conceptual design, concept, embodiment design, layout, detail design and manufacturing instructions.
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Is the design process modelled?
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Yes, it consists of a series of interrelated stages to focus and refine a designers efforts towards a final solution.
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What elements does the design process contain?
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Identifying or clarifying a need, analyzing, researching and specifying requirements, generating ideas and possible solutions, developing and refining a chosen solution, realizing or manufacturing the chosen solution and testing/evaluating the chosen solution against the specification.
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What six interrelated stages does the IB design cycle model consist of?
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Identifying needs, Researching, Generating Ideas, Developing Solutions, Realizing Solution and Evaluating.
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How would you describe a Design Brief?
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A written starting part of any new design, doesn't provide answers but provides a framework for the solving of a problem.
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What does a well written brief establish?
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Design goals, context(intended market), major restrictions, constraints or requirements, criteria in which its being judged or evaluated.
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What do successful designers do?
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They start with a clear understanding of product context.
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What combination of factors makes up product/design context?
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Characteristics of target market, purpose of need for the product, situation within the product will preform, capabilities and limitations of appropriate technologies and materials.
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Describe a design specification.
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Should consist of information related to the product. Provide justification for their decision. Needs to be very specific.They must be carefully developed through communication between designers, manufactures and consumers. Must be flexible.
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What techniques can be used in the research process?
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primary/ secondary research, market research, consumer surveys, patent investigations, literature searches and competition.
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Why is the IB design model not linear?
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There is an emphasis on the cycle not being linear but Iterative. Evaluation for example, will take place at various stages of the process, not just at the end.
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What is the role of the designer?
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Depending on the outcome, the role of the designer will change (e.g - design briefs may call for an ergonomic overhaul). Designers may need to connect with marketers, client, manufactures and the public if doing their own research.
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Why might elements differ in importance according to a particular design context?
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Design process is both dynamic and flexible. One model can never suit all contexts, some components need more attention or more cycling time.
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Incremental design
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Is the process of taking an existing product and making it better.
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Radical design
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Refers more to innovation-driven creativity. Radical design is often referred to 'breakthrough design' Involves the development of an entirely new approach to solving a design problem. (e.g - Apple iMac)
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Convergent thinking
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the application of knowledge or research gathered, and then applied, to 'converge' or focus on arriving at the best solution to a proposed problem. Convergent thinking is analytical and logical approach.
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Divergent thinking
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is a more creative approach to the problem solving where a range of alternative, creative, unusual or innovative solutions to a problem are considered.
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What is the relationship between incremental design and convergent thinking?
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Incremental design allows development of a product in a series of stages while convergent thinking helps focus the designers on a feature for analysis, modification and improvement.
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What is the relationship between radical design and divergent thinking?
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Divergent thinking extends the investigations beyond the 'normal' range. It may spark a relationship to another 'radical' response that wouldn't normally be considered.
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How do the elements of the design model reflect convergent and divergent thinking?
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Functionality, materials need convergent thinking while creative adjustments needs divergent thinking.
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What is the definition of Constructive discontent?
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Constructive discontent is the process of generating alternative solutions to existing products in need of improvement.
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What is the definition of Adaption?
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Adaption involves the transferring of successful design solutions, or parts thereof, to provide new solutions for design problems in entirely different fields. (e.g - Shinkansen bullet train nose-cone)
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What is the definition of Analogy?
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Analogy invokes likeness or similarity. Analogous design involves the transfer of an idea from one situation to another.(florescent lamps)
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What is the definition of Brainstorming?
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Brainstorming is a 'free-for-all' where any idea, no matter how unusual, is considered and recorded. Brainstorming is an integral and regular part of innovation and the design process.
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What is the definition of attribute listing?
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Attribute listing is a de-constructive process of reducing an idea, product of process to its constituent parts and analyzing each components rather than the whole. Designers concentrate on key features of the design. It is most suitable for product development
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What is the definition of Morphological synthesis?
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Morphological analysis deals with the organisation of this 'shape or form' and how components interact to create a whole. The technique is designed to provide a structured approach.
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Why do designers use a various number of techniques to develop ideas?
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Designer use a range of idea development strategies so as not to restrict the creative process.
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What is the definition of freehand drawing?
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Provides the designer with a great deal of flexibility. allows designers to quickly jot down ideas that may influence the final design.
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Why do you need to annotate freehand drawings?
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Annotations accompany drawings to improve the communication of information.
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What is the purpose of 2D-3D freehand drawings?
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3D provides a sense of form/proportion and aesthetics while 2D sketches are able to isolate and detail more structural features.
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What is the definition of an orthographic drawing?
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They use lines of sight that are always perpendicular to the viewing plane to produce a projected image. They show precise details and dimensions and are usually used in the final stage of the design process.
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What is the definition of an isometric definition
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A 3D pictorial style of drawing where an object is viewed from a corner.
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What is the definition of an exploded isometric drawing?
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A drawing with all parts displaced (exploded) along a central axis. They serve to clearly identify parts for assembly and maintenance procedures.
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What is the definition of a Perspective drawing?
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Perspective drawing is based on observation from a single point, the eye, which produces images similar to that of a camera. It creates the illusion of an object's size diminishing.
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What is the definition of Computer-aided design (CAD)
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CAD drawings exist as electronic data files that are created using specialist software.
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4 Advantages of CAD
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stored in a variety of formats, correct very quickly, presented as paper printouts or models and used in conjunction with numerical machinery.
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4 Disadvantages of CAD
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Staff training required, initial cost and upgrading of software, high level of skill required and skills constantly need upgrading.
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What is the definition of an Algorithm?
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An algorithm is a chronological sequence of steps used to complete a task.
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How can an Algorithm be presented?
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in words, as a flowchart or in a structured code.
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What is the definition of a flow chart?
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They provide a graphical representation of a process of procedure. They assist in communication by arranging tasks into logical sequences and actions.
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What is the difference between a flowchart and algorithm?
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A flow chart is a way of showing an algorithm in graphical or diagram form.
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What do models do?
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present a simplified representation of reality.
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What are the 2 categories of models?
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Physical (architectural models, product prototypes) or Symbolic (mathematical models, graphics and diagrams)
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What is the definition of a mathematical model?
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Mathematical or computational models are a means of representing essential aspects of reality.
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What are advantages and disadvantages of graphical models?
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They are useful for communicating initial design concepts. They take longer because of the great detail.
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What are advantages and disadvantages of physical models?
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Advantage of tangibility. Can be viewed from a variety of perspectives. Not easy to modify and sometimes have to be remade.
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What are advantages and disadvantages of mathematical models?
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Convenience and cost advantages. A powerful process. Not entirely reliable in predicting real world situations.
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What are the advantages of using models in the design process?
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Opportunity for user trials, client input into developing models, speeding up product development cycles.
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What are three limitations of the use of models in the design process?
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Performance (not always representative of final product) Functionality (not always able to replicated in service use) Predictions (not always provide true indication of the final product)
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