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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the common indications for Amlodipine? |
1) Hypertension 2) Prophylaxis of angina |
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What is the method of action of Amlodipine? |
Calcium channel blocker which inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle |
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What are the common contra-indications for Amlodipine? |
1) Cardiogenic shock 2) Unstable angina 3) Aortic stenosis |
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What are the common side effects of Amlodipine? |
1) Abdominal pain 2) Nausea 3) Palpitation 4) Sleep disturbance 5) Headache 6) Dizziness 7) Peripheral oedema |
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What formulation types exist for Amlodipine? |
Tablets Oral solution (unlicensed) |
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What are the points of interest for Amlodipine? |
1) Tablets with different salts available (Besilate, maleate and mesilate) but strength is expressed in terms of Amlodipine base (different salts are interchangeable) 2) Drug of choice for hypertension in over 55 year olds |
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What are the common indications for Beclomethasone? |
1) Prophylaxis of asthma 2) Prophylaxis and treatment of allergic and vasomotor rhinitis (Runny nose, sneezing, and nasal stuffiness) |
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What is the method of action of Beclomethasone? |
Reduced oedema and mucus secretion into the airway Corticosteroid's have an anti-inflammatory effect in the airways - prevent tissue remodelling and the formation of fibrous scar tissue in the long-term |
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What are the common contra-indications for Beclomethasone? |
1) Paradoxical bronchospasm (can be reduced by inhaling short acting beta-2 agonist beforehand) |
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What are the common side effects of Beclomethasone? |
1) Adrenal suppression 2) Growth restriction in children 3) Oral candidiasis 4) Lower respiratory tract infections 5) Hoarseness |
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What formulation types exist for Beclomethasone? |
Inhaler Tablets Nasal spray |
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What are the points of interest for Beclomethasone? |
1) Reduce dose in children and monitor height 2) Provide a steroid card if using high doses 3) Shake inhaler for 10-20 seconds before to ensure solution formed |
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What are the common indications for Carbimazole? |
1) Hyperthyroidism 2) Preparation for thyroidectomy |
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What is the method of action of Carbimazole? |
Interferes with synthesis of thyroid hormones |
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What are the common contra-indications for Carbimazole? |
1) Hepatic impairment 2) Severe blood disorders 3) Breast-feeding 4) Pregnancy |
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What are the common side effects of Carbimazole? |
1) Nausea 2) Mild gastro-intestinal disturbances 3) Taste disturbance 4) Headache 5) Fever 6) Malaise (General discomfort or uneasiness) |
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What formulation types exist for Carbimazole? |
Tablets |
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What are the points of interest for Carbimazole? |
Warn patient to tell doctor immediately if they experience: sore throat, mouth ulcers, bruising, fever, malaise or any non-specific illness develops as it may be a blood disorder |
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What are the common indications for Cefalexin? |
1) Gram-positive and gram-negative infections e.g. lower respiratory tract, skin, UTI |
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What is the method of action of Cefalexin? |
Beta-lactam antibiotic which interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis of gram-positive bacteria |
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What are the common contra-indications for Cefalexin? |
1) Sensitivity to beta-lactam antibacterials 2) False positive urinary glucose 3) False positive Coomb's test (checks for presence of antibodies which attack RBCs) 4) Cephalosporin hypersensitivity 5) Acute porphyria
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What are the common side effects of Cefalexin? |
1) Diarrhoea 2) Nausea and vomiting 3) Abdominal discomfort 4) Headache 5) Allergic reactions |
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What formulation types exist for Cefalexin? |
Tablets Capsules Oral suspension |
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What are the points of interest for Cefalexin? |
1) Tablets should not be crushed and capsules should not be opened to avoid risk of sensitisation 2) Dose adjustments may be required in renal impairment |
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What are the common indications for Clotrimazole? |
1) Fungal skin infections 2) Vaginal candidiasis 3) Otitis externa |
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What is the method of action of Clotrimazole? |
Imidazole derivative Inhibits ergosterol synthesis in fungi |
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What are the common contra-indications for Clotrimazole? |
None |
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What are the common side effects of Clotrimazole? |
1) Local irritation or sensitivity |
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What formulation types exist for Clotrimazole? |
Cream Solution Pessary |
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What are the points of interest for Clotrimazole? |
1) Different strength creams are licensed for different indications |
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What are the common indications for Combined Hormonal Contraceptives? |
1) Contraception 2) Menstrual symptoms |
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What is the method of action of Combined Hormonal Contraceptives? |
Prevents ovulation by suppressing the release of gonadotropins Inhibits follicular development |
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What are the common contra-indications for Combined Hormonal Contraceptives? |
1) Risk factors for venous thromboembolism 2) History of severe depression 3) Heart disease associated with pulmonary hypertension 4) Acute liver disease 5) Migraine with aura |
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What are the common side effects of Combined Hormonal Contraceptives? |
1) Nausea 2) Vomiting 3) Abdominal cramps 4) Changes in weight 5) Liver impairment 6) Migraine |
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What formulation types exist for Combined Hormonal Contraceptives? |
Tablets |
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What are the points of interest for Combined Hormonal Contraceptives? |
1) Tablets should not be crushed 2) If administration is delayed for 12 hours or more it should be regarded as a 'missed pill' |
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What are the common indications for Diazepam? |
1) Short term use in anxiety or insomnia 2) Status epilepticus 3) Muscle spasms 4) Adjunct in alcohol withdrawal 5) Premedication before surgery/dental treatment |
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What is the method of action of Diazepam? |
Causes potentiation of chloride currents through the GABA/Cl- channel complex |
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What are the common contra-indications for Diazepam? |
1) Respiratory disease 2) Hepatic impairment 3) Sleep apnoea 4) Monotherapy for patients with depression |
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What are the common side effects of Diazepam? |
1) Respiratory depression 2) Dependence/tolerance 3) Withdrawal symptoms: insomnia, tremor, anxiety, drowsiness, light-headedness, confusion |
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What formulation types exist for Diazepam? |
Tablets Oral suspension (unlicensed) Rectal tube Suppository |
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What are the points of interest for Diazepam? |
1) Try to avoid giving for more than 2-4 weeks 2) Effect of alcohol enhanced when taken with diazepam 3) Enhanced effect in the elderly, consider reducing the dose |
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What are the common indications for Fludrocortisone? |
1) Mineralcorticoid replacement in adrenocortical insufficiency 2) Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency) |
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What is the method of action of Fludrocortisone? |
Increases permeability of the apical membrane of cells in the distal renal tubule to sodium Stimulates the Na+/K+ ATPase pump Increases extracellular fluid and blood volume |
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What are the common contra-indications for Fludrocortisone? |
1) Systemic infection |
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What are the common side effects of Fludrocortisone? |
1) Fluid retention 2) Hypokalaemia 3) Hypernatraemia 4) Hypertension |
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What formulation types exist for Fludrocortisone? |
Tablets |
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What are the points of interest for Fludrocortisone? |
1) Tablets should not be crushed 2) A steroid card should be supplied if treatment is longer than 3 weeks 3) Corticosteroid treatment can alter mood and behaviour early in treatment 4) Avoid abrupt withdrawal after prolonged courses 5) Store in the fridge |
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What are the common indications for Furosemide? |
1) Oedema 2) Congestive heart failure 3) Resistant hypertension |
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What is the method of action of Furosemide? |
Loop diuretics inhibit the reabsorption of sodium mainly in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and also in the distal renal tubules. This increases sodium and subsequent water loss via the urine. |
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What are the common contra-indications for Furosemide? |
1) Severe hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia 2) Anuria (non-passage of urine) |
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What are the common side effects of Furosemide? |
1) Postural hypotension 2) Hypokalaemia 3) Hyponatraemia 4) Hyperuricaemia (High uric acid levels) 5) Mild GI disturbances |
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What formulation types exist for Furosemide? |
Tablets Oral solution Injection |
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What are the points of interest for Furosemide? |
1) Tablets should not be crushed 2) Intravenous administration rate should not exceed 4mg/minute or it may cause tinnitus or deafness 3) Monitor electrolytes and renal function |
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What are the common indications for Insulin? |
1) Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and last line in Type 2) 2) Diabetic ketoacidosis |
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What is the method of action of Insulin? |
Insulin is a hormone that is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle |
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What are the common contra-indications for Insulin? |
None |
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What are the common side effects of Insulin? |
1) Hypoglycaemia 2) Injection site fat hypertrophy |
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What formulation types exist for Insulin? |
Injection |
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What are the points of interest for Insulin? |
1) Store in fridge 2) Available as long-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting preparations 3) Counsel on hypoglycaemia warning signs 4) Counsel on how and where to inject |
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Hypoglycaemia/Pages/Symptoms.aspx
http://www.diabetes.co.uk/insulin/how-to-inject-insulin.html |
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What are the common indications for Ispaghula? |
1) Constipation 2) Useful for managing colostomy, ileostomy, haemorrhoids, anal fissures and IBS |
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What is the method of action of Ispaghula? |
Bulk-forming laxative that increases the faecal mass which stimulate peristalsis |
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What are the common contra-indications for Ispaghula? |
1) Dehydration 2) Dysphagia 3) Intestinal obstruction |
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What are the common side effects of Ispaghula? |
1) Flatulence 2) Abdominal pain 3) GI obstruction or impaction |
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What formulation types exist for Ispaghula? |
Granules Powder |
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What are the points of interest for Ispaghula? |
1) Preparation swells when in contact with liquid and should be swallowed carefully with water 2) Should not be taken immediately before bed |
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What are the common indications for Latanoprost? |
1) Raised intra-ocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma 2) Ocular hypertension |
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What is the method of action of Latanoprost? |
Prostanoid FP receptor agonist which reduces intra-ocular pressure by increasing outflow of aqueous humour |
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What are the common contra-indications for Latanoprost? |
None |
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What are the common side effects of Latanoprost? |
1) Eye pain 2) Blepharitis (inflamed edges of eyelids) 3) Epithelial erosions 4) Eyelash and vellus hair changes 5) Mild to moderate eye irritation 6) Increased iris pigmentation |
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What formulation types exist for Latanoprost? |
Eye drops |
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What are the points of interest for Latanoprost? |
1) Monitor for changes in eye colour 2) Once daily application 3) Certain formulations that contain latanoprost must be kept in the fridge |
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What are the common indications for Levonorgestrel? |
1) Emergency contraceptive (the "morning-after" pill) |
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What is the method of action of Levonorgestrel? |
Inhibits or delays ovulation Can also cause endometrial changes to discourage implantation |
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What are the common contra-indications for Levonorgestrel? |
1) Past ectopic pregnancy 2) Severe malabsorption syndrome 3) Severe liver impairment 4) Acute porphyria |
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What are the common side effects of Levonorgestrel? |
1) Menstrual irregularities 2) Nausea 3) Low abdominal pain 4) Fatigue 5) Headache 6) Breast tenderness |
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What formulation types exist for Levonorgestrel? |
Tablets |
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What are the points of interest for Levonorgestrel? |
1) Tablets should not be crushed 2) Up to 90% effective when taken within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse 3) If vomiting occurs within 2 hours a replacement dose should be taken |
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What are the common indications for Loratidine? |
1) Hayfever 2) Chronic idiopathic urticaria |
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What is the method of action of Loratidine? |
Selective inverse agonist of peripheral histamine H1-receptors |
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What are the common contra-indications for Loratidine? |
1) Cautioned in prostatic hypertrophy, urinary retention and susceptibility to angle-close glaucoma 2) Epilepsy |
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What are the common side effects of Loratidine? |
1) Drowsiness 2) Nausea 3) Dizziness 4) Dry mouth 5) Psychomotor impairment |
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What formulation types exist for Loratidine? |
Tablets Oral solution |
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What are the points of interest for Loratidine? |
None |
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What are the common indications for Metformin? |
1) Type 2 diabetes mellitus 2) Polycystic ovary syndrome |
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What is the method of action of Metformin? |
Decreases gluconeogenesis Increases peripheral utilisation of glucose |
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What are the common contra-indications for Metformin? |
1) Renal impairment (creatinine clearance <60 mL/min) 2) Ketoacidosis 3) Use of iodine containing X-ray contrast media 4) Use of general anaesthesia |
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What are the common side effects of Metformin? |
1) Taste disturbance 2) Nausea 3) Vomiting 4) Abdominal pain 5) Diarrhoea
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What formulation types exist for Metformin? |
Tablets Oral solution Powder |
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What are the points of interest for Metformin? |
1) Modified release tablets should not be crushed 2) First line choice 3) To be taken with meals to minimises GI disturbances 4) Causes weight loss so ideal for overweight patients 5) GI disturbances e.g. nausea may be worse at the beginning |
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What are the common indications for Morphine? |
1) Acute pain 2) Chronic pain (palliative care) |
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What is the method of action of Morphine? |
μ-opioid agonist that binds to the glutamatergic NMDA receptor and thus acts as a receptor antagonist against glutamate |
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What are the common contra-indications for Morphine? |
1) Impaired respiratory function 2) Head injuries 3) Renal impairment 4) Hepatic impairment |
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What are the common side effects of Morphine? |
1) Nausea and vomiting 2) Constipation 3) Dry mouth 4) Bradycardia 5) Hallucinations and/or euphoria 6) Sleep disturbances/drowsiness |
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What formulation types exist for Morphine? |
Tablets Capsules Oral liquid Suppositories Injection |
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What are the points of interest for Morphine? |
1) Tablets and capsules should not be crushed or opened as they are modified release 2) May cause dependence 3) Liable to misuse 4) Monitor for pain relief and side effects (respiratory depression) |
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What are the common indications for Naproxen? |
1) Pain and inflammation 2) Acute gout 3) Dysmenorrhoea |
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What is the method of action of Naproxen? |
NSAIDs reduce the production of prostaglandins by inhibiting the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase |
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What are the common contra-indications for Naproxen? |
1) Hypersensitivity to NSAIDs or aspirin 2) Previous of active peptic ulcer 3) Caution in presence or history of cardiac failure or oedema |
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What are the common side effects of Naproxen? |
1) GI disturbances (nausea, vomiting, bleeding, diarrhoea) 2) Hypersensitivity rash 3) Fluid retention |
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What formulation types exist for Naproxen? |
Tablets |
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What are the points of interest for Naproxen? |
1) Tablets should not be crushed as they are enteric coated 2) Naproxen is associated with a lower thrombotic risk than other NSAIDs 3) Take with or after food 4) May impair renal function |
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What are the common indications for Oestrogens for HRT? |
1) Alleviating menopausal symptoms 2) Post-menopausal osteoporosis |
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What is the method of action of Oestrogens for HRT? |
Replaces falling levels of oestrogen in the body during menopause |
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What are the common contra-indications for Oestrogens for HRT? |
1) Prolonged exposure to unopposed oestrogens may increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer 2) Migraine 3) Diabetes 4) Oestrogen-dependant cancer |
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What are the common side effects of Oestrogens for HRT? |
1) Abdominal pain with cramps 2) Breast enlargement 3) Weight changes 4) Nausea 5) Vomiting 6) Pre-menstrual like syndrome |
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What formulation types exist for Oestrogens for HRT? |
Tablets |
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What are the points of interest for Oestrogens for HRT? |
1) Usually results in regular withdrawal bleeding 2) Irregular bleeding may occur during the early stages of treatment 3) Stop if get chest pains, breathlessness, migraines or increased blood pressure |
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What are the common indications for Prednisolone? |
1) Suppression of allergic and inflammatory disorders 2) Asthma 3) Inflammatory bowel disease 4) Immunosuppression 5) Rheumatic disease |
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What is the method of action of Prednisolone? |
A corticosteroid with mainly glucocorticoid activity leading to anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties |
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What are the common contra-indications for Prednisolone? |
1) May precipitate diabetes mellitus 2) May precipitate osteoporosis 3) Susceptibility to angle-closure glaucoma 4) Systemic infection |
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What are the common side effects of Prednisolone? |
1) Dyspepsia 2) Ulceration 3) Cushing's syndrome - moon face 4) Osteoporosis 5) Muscle wasting |
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What formulation types exist for Prednisolone? |
Tablets Dispersible tablets |
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What are the points of interest for Prednisolone? |
1) Enteric coated tablets should not be crushed 2) May get growth retardation in children. Monitor height. 3) Increase susceptibility to chicken pox and measles 4) Take with or after food 5) Requires gradual withdrawal after prolonged courses 6) Provide steroid card if treatment longer than 3 weeks |
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What are the common indications for Progestrogen-only Contraceptives? |
1) Contraception |
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What is the method of action of Progestrogen-only Contraceptives? |
Inhibits ovulation |
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What are the common contra-indications for Progestrogen-only Contraceptives? |
1) Arterial disease 2) Past ectopic pregnancy 3) Malabsorption syndromes 4) Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding |
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What are the common side effects of Progestrogen-only Contraceptives? |
1) Menstrual irregularities 2) Nausea 3) Vomiting 4) Headache 5) Breast tenderness 6) Weight changes |
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What formulation types exist for Progestrogen-only Contraceptives? |
Tablets |
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What are the points of interest for Progestrogen-only Contraceptives? |
1) Tablets should not be crushed 2) One tablet to be taken at the same time each day starting at day 1 of the cycle then continuously 3) If administration delayed for 3 hours or more (12 hours for Cerazette) then it should be regarded as a 'missed pill' |
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What are the common indications for Ramipril? |
1) Mild to moderate hypertension 2) Congestive heart failure 3) Secondary prevention of cardiovascular events 4) Stroke 5) Prophylaxis of diabetic nephropathy |
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What is the method of action of Ramipril? |
Angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors, inhibit the conversion of angiotension I to angiotension II |
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What are the common contra-indications for Ramipril? |
1) Peripheral vascular disease 2) Generalised atherosclerosis 3) Hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors |
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What are the common side effects of Ramipril? |
1) Profound hypotension 2) Renal impairment 3) Persistent dry cough 4) Hyperkalaemia 5) Headache 6) Dizziness |
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What formulation types exist for Ramipril? |
Tablets Capsules Oral solution |
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What are the points of interest for Ramipril? |
1) Tablets should not be crushed and capsules should not be opened 2) Monitor renal function and U&Es especially potassium 3) Warn patients that the first dose can cause hypotension/dizziness |
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What are the common indications for Sildenafil? |
1) Erectile dysfunction 2) Pulmonary arterial hypertension |
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What is the method of action of Sildenafil? |
Inhibits the phosphodiesterase-mediated degradation of cGMP The rise in cGMP, which relaxes penile smooth muscle increasing blood flow to the area |
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What are the common contra-indications for Sildenafil? |
1) Hypotension 2) Cardiovascular disease 3) Anatomical deformation of the penis 4) Avoid in recent stroke or myocardial infarction |
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What are the common side effects of Sildenafil? |
1) Dyspepsia 2) Dizziness 3) Flushing 4) Visual disturbances - painful red eyes 5) Nasal congestion |
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What formulation types exist for Sildenafil? |
Tablets Injection |
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What are the points of interest for Sildenafil? |
Avoid concomitant use of nitrates |
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What are the common indications for Sumatriptan? |
1) Acute migraine 2) Cluster headache |
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What is the method of action of Sumatriptan? |
Agonist to 5HT (serotonin) 1B/1D receptors |
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What are the common contra-indications for Sumatriptan? |
1) Cardiovascular disease 2) Cerebrovascular disease 3) Peripheral vascular disease 4) Elderly |
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What are the common side effects of Sumatriptan? |
1) Sensation of tingling, heat, heaviness, pressure or tightness of any part of the body 2) Transient increase in blood pressure 3) Flushing 4) Dizziness 5) Dyspnoea (sudden shortness of breath) |
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What formulation types exist for Sumatriptan? |
Tablets Injection Nasal spray |
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What are the points of interest for Sumatriptan? |
1) Tablets should not be crushed 2) Patient not responding to initial dose should not take another dose for the same attack 3) Patients partially responding may take another dose after 2 hours 4) Many drug interactions 5) Avoid alcohol |
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What are the common indications for Tamsulosin? |
1) Benign prostatic hyperplasia |
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What is the method of action of Tamsulosin? |
α1A adrenoreceptor antagonist |
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What are the common contra-indications for Tamsulosin? |
1) Postural hypotension 2) Severe hepatic impairment |
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What are the common side effects of Tamsulosin? |
1) Dizziness 2) Hypotension 3) Drowsiness 4) Ejaculation disorder |
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What formulation types exist for Tamsulosin? |
Tablets Capsules |
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What are the points of interest for Tamsulosin? |
1) Tamsulosin can be sold OTC for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia |
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What are the common indications for Trimethoprim? |
1) Prophylaxis for UTIs 2) Treatment for UTIs |
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What is the method of action of Trimethoprim? |
Interferes with bacterial dihydrofolate reductase enzyme inhibiting tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis, therefore bacteria are unable to replicate |
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What are the common contra-indications for Trimethoprim? |
1) Pregnancy (especially first trimester) 2) Severe hepatic impairment 3) Severe renal impairment 4) Blood dyscrasia |
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What are the common side effects of Trimethoprim? |
1) Nausea 2) Vomiting 3) Diarrhoea 4) Headache 5) Rashes 6) Hyperkalaemia |
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What formulation types exist for Trimethoprim? |
Tablets Oral suspension |
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What are the points of interest for Trimethoprim? |
1) Tablets should not be crushed to avoid the risk of third-party exposure 2) Teratogenic 3) Reduce dose to half in renal failure 4) Avoid if allergic to sulphonyl containing drugs 5) Take at regular intervals and complete the course |
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