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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Logic
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The branch of philosophy that explores the way we reason
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Logic (1)
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1. To define the correct reasoning
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Logic (2)
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To distinguish between good arguments and bad ones
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Logic (3)
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To pick out flaws and weakness in reasoning
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Logic (4)
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To create rules which enable us to test whether our reasoning is correct and consistent
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Logic (how?)
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To define a problem, consider solutions, come to a conclusion
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Deductive logic
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concerned with the rules for determining when an argument is valid; does not concern itself with truth at all, only the process of reasoning
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argument
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process of reasoning, series of reasons
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argument (structure)
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First two lines=premise
last line=conclusion logical=valid illogical=invalid |
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symbolic logic (Aristotle!)
(Gottlob Frege=first complete system...all and some) |
logicians use symbols to distance themselves from potentially ambiugous language
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Categorical symbolism
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premises show that one set of things (a category) is either included or excluded from another set of things
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deductive logic
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general to particular
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inductive logic
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particular to general; reasoning we use to make generalizations/analogies; we use experience (empirical knoweldge and make inferences from that)
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induction
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means the making of a general rule form particular instances
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inference
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means the forming of a conclusion from the information available
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imply
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to express or indicate indirectly
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features of inductive logic (2)
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1. it gives good raesons for supporting a conclusion but it does not guarantee that conclusion.
2. Its conclusion contains information that is not in the argument |
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Three tests for Soundness
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sufficient number
varying circumstances the search for exemption |
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analogies
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comparing two related things and making judgments about them based on similarity
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fallacy
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an argument that uses an invalid form of reasoning
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formal fallacy
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invalid reasoning found in syllogisms
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informal fallacies
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all the different ones
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arugment is fallacious if...
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assuming a false prepostion as one of its premises
its premises do not imply its conclusion |
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fallacies of relevance
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premises not relevant to conclusion
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ad hominem
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focus transferred from argument to arguer (person OR group)
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ad hominem, abusive
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disparage character of opponent
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ad hominem, circumstantial
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generalziations made on opponent's beliefs because of their employment, nationality, etc. (ex: terrorists)
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tu quoque
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(and you too) make opponent seem hypocritical
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ad baculum
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appeals to force
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everyone-does-it fallacy
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numbers make it right
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appeals to emotion
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expressive language/images used to cause reaction
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ad misericordiam
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appeals to pity
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straw man (person) argument
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distort argument, attack distorted argument like it's the real argument
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petitio principii; begging the question
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circular argument
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non sequitur
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any fallacy of relevance (except petitio principii), means conclusion doesn't follow premises
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argument ad ignorantium
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argument from ignorance; it's true because it hasn't been proved false yet
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ad verecundium
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appeal to authority fallacy; refrence to authorities who have no authority in subject matter and studies
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complex question
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loaded questions
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hasty generalization
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accident
converse accident |
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accident
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moves too quickly from a generalization to a specific judgment
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converse accident
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move too quickly from a specific to a generalization
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non causa pro causa
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false cause/post ergo propter hoc (after the thing because of the thing
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ignoratio elenchi
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irrelevant conclusion; premises "miss the point"
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dicto simpliciter
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doesn't take genuine excpetions into account
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false analogy
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compares two things wrongly
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slippery slope
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weak inductive references to bad conclusion (if, then, then...)
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red herring
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distracts audience from premise with off topic remark
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logic
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can help identify and clarify vague/ambiguous statements
indicate unstated assumptions/biases help identify unstated premises make us aware of the strength and validity of analogies/comparisons |
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equivocation
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words used in more than one meaning within the same argument without distinguishing between meanings
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composition
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arguer inappropriately projects property of parts of something onto the whole
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division
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aruger inappropriately projects the property of the whole onto one/some of the parts
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