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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where did Christopher Columbus think he was when he sailed into the Caribbean Sea in 1492?
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In Asia, in the Indies
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Why are Native Americans called "Native Americans"?
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Because they were the first peoples to live in the Americas.
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When do scientists believe that the first peoples came to the Americas?
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Anywhere 14,000 to 30,000 years ago.
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How long did the last ice age last in the Americas?
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65,000 years
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T or F
When the first people come to the America's the Earth was just emerging from a tropical climate? |
False. The Earth was emerging from an ice age.
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T or F
Some scientists believe that the first people to settle in the Americas came from Asia. |
True
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What passage lies between the eastern tip of Asia and Alaska?
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The Berring Strait
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Who are "hunters and gatherers"?
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People who survived by searching for wild plants and animals to eat.
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Scientists think that the people from Asia who settled in the Americas came via what 2 ways:
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1. Crossing the "landmass" called "Beringia",
2. By boat |
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How long ago did the Ice Age end?
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10,000 years ago.
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What also migrated with the people from Asia who settled in the Americas?
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Game animals
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What is the term used to describe the surroundings in which something exists?
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Environment
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What is prehistory?
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The time before written records
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T or F
The original Native Americans kept written records. |
False. The Europeans who explored the Americas brought with them a written record system
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What are artifacts?
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Objects made by humans that show how they once lived.
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What do archaeologists study?
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They study and learn about past cultures from the artifacts they left behind.
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What is a pictograph?
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Pictures often drawn or painted on cave walls, ledges and cliffs by past cultures
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What are petroglyphs?
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Carvings made in rock by past cultures.
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T or F
Texas does not have any pictographs or petroglyphs. |
False. There are over 250 sites with pictographs and petroglyphs.
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How do archaelogist determine how ways of life changed over time?
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Deeper objects are older than objects found nearer to the surface.
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What is carbon dating?
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A testing method scientist use to measure the amount of Carbon-14 that remains in an object.
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What kind of objects contain Carbon-14?
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Formerly living objects
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What test do scientists use today to study prehistoric peoples?
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DNA testing.
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Through DNA testing, some scientists believe that prehistoric people came from.................?
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1. Africa
2. Europe 3. South Pacific |
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When did Europeans come to explore Texas?
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In the 1500's
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List the 3 period names that scientist use for the span between the arrival of the first Native Americans and the arrival of the Europeans?
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1. Paleolithic Era
2. Archaic Era 3. Late Prehistoric |
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What years does the Paleolithic Era cover?
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Prehistoric times to 6,000 B.C.
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What years does the Archaic Era last?
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6,000 B.C. to 700 A.D.
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What years does the Late Prehistoric Era last?
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700 A.D. to the 1500's when the Europeans arrived.
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T or F
Native Americans did not use horses until the Europeans brought them. |
True
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What did the early Native Americans use to hunt game?
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Spears tipped with sharpened point of flint.
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What type of stone was used as the tip on spears used by early Native Americans to hunt game?
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Flint
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What animal is the Bighorn Bison related to?
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Buffalo
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What is "pemmican?"
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A mixture of dried meat mixed with animal fat and berries used by early Native Americans
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What event altered plant life across Texas?
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The end of the Ice Age
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What did the Native American's invent that could throw a spear with great force?
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The Atlatl.
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Describe the Atlatl:
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A stick about 2 rfeet long with a wooden hook at the far end to hold the spear's shaft.
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Why did Native Americans travel in smaller groups during the Archaic Era?
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So they would not scare off the fast-moving game.
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What was the name of the smaller groups of Native Americans who traveled during the Archaic Era?
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Bands
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How often would bands get together?
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Only several times during the year.
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List some of the tools used by Native Americans during the Archaic Era:
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1. flint knives
2. scrapers 3. awls 4. crude grind stones 5. baskets made of parts of plants |
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By approx. what year were Native Americans living in East Texas living in villages?
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500 B.C.
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List the 3 influences on Native Americans that affected great changes for them from 500 B.C. to 500 AD:
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1. Arrival of buffalo
2. Bow and arrow 3. Farming north of Mexico |
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By 1400 AD, how had the Native Americans in Texas differentiated in their lifestyles:
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1. In East Texas and far West Texas, NA lived in villages and farmed for most of what they ate; they had well developed ideas about society and religion
2. In South Texas, NA remained hunters and gatherers due to the more arid environment |
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Where did the major buffalo-hunting NA cultures live?
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On the plains and plateaus of the Panhandle and Central Texas.
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T or F
A bow and arrow could shoot farther than a spear thrown from an atlatl. |
True
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List the 4 culture regions of Texas that anthropologists use to group the NA based on their ways of life:
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1. Southeaster
2. Plains 3. Puebloan 4. Western Gulf |
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Who was the 1st person to study many of Texas's prehistoric sites?
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James Pearce
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List the 3 groups of NAs who are considered in the Southeastern culture region?
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1. Caddoes
2. Atakapans 3. Wichitas |
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What is the term used to describe 2 or more extended families of NAs that lived together under one leader?
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Band
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What is the term used to describe a number of bands who foloowed the same leader and shared the same territory and culture?
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Tribe
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What culture group was part of a larger culture known as the Missippian or Mound Builder culture?
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The Caddoes
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Where did the Caddoes live?
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Mississippi River valley
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How many condederacies were the Caddoes divided into?
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3
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What is the term used to describe alliances of people or groups that unite for a common purpose?
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Confederacy
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How many confederacies and tribes lived in Texas?
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2 confederacies and 1/2 the tribes
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When did the Caddoes move into the Piney Woods?
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late during the Prehistoric Era
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List 2 other states that the Caddoes settled into?
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Oklahoma and Arkansas
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T or F
Caddo is the language spoken by @ 25 separate tribes that lived in that region. |
True
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Which NAs had the most advanced culture of all the Texas Indians?
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The Caddoes
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List the major crops of the Caddoes:
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1. Corn
2. beans 3. Squash 4. Sunflower seeds |
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Describe the shape of Caddo houses:
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Cone-shaped building of poles covered with cane and grass
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T or F
Some Caddo houses could hold up to 8-10 families. |
True
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Describe the Caddo religion:
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One creator who spoke through their chief; other gods and spirits were called upon to help with daily lives
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T or F
The Caddoes relied on a sacred fire located in a temple that burned always to light their own fires. |
True
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True or F
Crops were more important to the Caddoes than meat and fish. |
True
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T or F
Caddo men worked alongside Caddo women in the crop fields. |
True
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What is the origin of the name, Texas?
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The Caddo cry, Tay-yas, which means "friend" used to greet strangers
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T or F
Caddoes built their houses as a community effort. |
True
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What did the Caddoes use to trade with?
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1. Clay pottery
2. Hunting bows made of Osage orange wood |
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What is the name for the NAs who lived south of the Caddoes?
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Atakapan peoples
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What NAs lived in 5 bands or small tribes that spread across the Coastal Plains from Louisiana to Galveston Bay
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Atakapan Peoples
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Name the Atakapan band that lived on the south edge of the Piney Woods between the Trinity and Brazos Rivers:
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Bidais
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T or F
Hunting was more important to the Bidais people than to the Caddoes? |
True
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Who were the NAs who lived along the Galveston Bay region?
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4 bands of the Akokisas
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T or F
The Akokisas returned to the coast during the Fall to live in larger moree permanent villages. |
False. The Akokisas moved inland during the Fall seasons
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What group of NAs lived next to the Caddoes during the Prehistoric times and then later moved north to what is now Kansas?
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Wichita
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List the 3 tribes of the Wichita peoples that were formed for protection?
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Tawakonis
Wacos Wichitas |
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Which 2 tribes of the Wichita peoples settled farther south along the Brazos River?
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Tawakonis and Wacos
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Which NAs were shorter and darker than most of the other Texas Indians?
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Wichitas
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Why did the Wichitas call themselves the word that means "racccoon eyes?"
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Because the Wichita men tattoed around their eyes
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How did the Wichitas become hunters?
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From horses obtained by the Kiowas who were a great hunting culture of the Great Plains
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After the fall harvest the Wichitas would leave their homes and spend the winters hunting buffalo and living in what?
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Tipis
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What is the name for the cone-shaped tent made of poles and covered in animal hides
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Tipis
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Why were tipis ideal houses for hunting peoples?
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Because they were easy to move from place to place
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T or F
Some experts classify the Wichita with the Plains culture rather than the Southeastern culture. |
True
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Cite one theory to explain how the Indians first got horses:
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Some Indians in New Mexico grew angry about serving the Spaniards and decided to escape using the horses to get away
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What changed the Plains Indians forever?
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The horse
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What is the name for the NA group of independent bands that first lived on the Edwards Plateau west of present-day Austin and San Antonio?
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Tonkawa
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Who pushed the Tonkawa away from the Edwards Plateau during the 1600-1700s?
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Apaches and Comanches
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What caused the Tonkawas bands to unite as a tribe in the 1700s?
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Pressure from the Apaches and other Indians
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What was the main source of food for the Tonkawas?
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Buffalo
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T or F
Once the Tonkawas had horses they tried to move to the plains. |
True but the Apaches and the Comanches prevented this.
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What group of NAs were pushed east and became hunters and gatherers of rabbits, skunks, rats, rattlesnakes and land turtles?
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The Tonkawas
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Which NAs moved south from present day Canada across the Great Plains and became fierce fighters?
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Apaches
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Where does the name "Apache" come from?
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The Zuni word, apachu, which means enemy.
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T or F
The Apache is one single tribe. |
False. Apaches are from 6 tribes related by a common language.
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List the 2 tribes of Apaches who were very important to Texas history:
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Lipans and Mescaleros
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Where did the Lipans first appear?
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Texas panhandle
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Who were the first NAs to ride horses?
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Lipans
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Who were the Apaches that settled into what is now New Mexico?
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Mescaleros
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What tribe of Apaches' name is derived from the Mescal cactus which was depended for much food and drink?
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Mescaleros
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Where did the Comanches first live?
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Rocky Mountains @ what is now Wyoming
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The Comanches entire way of life depended on what?
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Buffalo
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What is the name for peoples who wander from place to place in search of food?
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Nomads
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What did Comanches live in?
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tipis
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T or F
Comanche women had short hair while the men allowed their hair to grow long, parting it in the middle with braids on each side. |
True
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T or F
The Lipans and the Comanches got along at first. |
True
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T or F
Kiowas early history is largely unknown. |
True
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Which NAs arrived in Texas late and occupied only the very northern part of the panhandle?
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Kiowas
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Who were the Kiowas bitter enemies until 1790?
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Comanches
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Which NA had an important religious celebration of the Sun Dance?
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Kiowas
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T or F
Kiowas men would dance up to 3 or 4 days straight without sleep in order to strengthen themselves during their Sun Dance celebration. |
True
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What term describes something that is handed down from parent to child?
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hereditary
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What is the term used to describe peoples who help each other to benefit them both?
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Allies
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Why were the Comanches so successful on the plains?
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They were expert horse riders that armed themselves with shields, lances and bows and arrows becoming warriors of the plains
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How far back does the Pueblo culture go back in time?
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8,000 years ago
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List the 3 groups of the Pueblo peoples:
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1. Jumano people
2. Conchos people 3. Tiguas people |
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What is the term for a mix of wet clay and straw that is made into bricks and dried in the sun?
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Adobe
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Which group of Pueblo people established villages on the land between the Pecos and the Rio Grande?
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Jumano people
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T or F
Jumano men did most of the farming? |
True
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Why did the Spaniards call the Jumano people, "striped people"?
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They painted their faces in horizontqal lines
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What is the name of the first permanent town in Texas?
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Ysleta
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How was Yselta developed?
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When the Spanish resttled @ 300 Tiguas in a pass between 2 mountain ranges
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Which NA culture did not organized themselves into tribes because the environment could not support large groups of people?
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Coahuiltecans
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What formed the major supply of the Coahuiltecan's diet?
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Plants
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What are Javelinas?
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Wild pigs
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T or F
Over time most of the Coahuiltecans died from diseases brought from Europe by the Spanish. |
True
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Where did the Karankawas live?
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Along the Gulf Coast
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What did the Karankawas use to travel in when they lived along the coast?
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dug-out Canoes
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How did the Karankawas communicate between their groups?
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Building fires and using smoke signals
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What group of NAs was completely wiped out by disease and finally by an attack by a group of settlers in 1858?
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Karankawas
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How many NAs live in Texas today?
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100,000
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T or F
Most of the 100,000 NAs living in Texas today come from tribes outside of Texas? |
True
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What is the term for land that is set aside by the government for use by Indian peoples?
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reservation
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List the only original NA culture that remains in Tesas today:
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Tiguas have a tiny reservation in El Paso
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List the 3 reservations in Texas:
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1. Tigua in El Paso
2. Alabama-Coushatta in East Texas 3. Kickapoos near Eagle Pass |
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Which NA group used dugged out canoes?
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Karankawas
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T or F
Artifacts are objects made by humans that show how they once lived |
True
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T or F
Nomads are people who wander from place to place in search of food. |
True
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T or F
A kiva is a mix of wet clay and straw that is made into bricks and dried in the sun. |
False. Adobe is the mix of wet clay and straw that is dried in the sun.
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T or F
A tribe is a number of bands that followed the same leader and shared the same territory and culture |
True
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T or F
Relative location divides the Earth into eastern and western halves |
?
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T or F
Relativelocation tells you where a place is in comparison to another place. |
True
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Location, place, interaction, movement, and region are what?
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The 5 themes of geography
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