Tissues Living Communities

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Tissues

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Cells of similar type and function clustered into layers, sheets, or groups

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4 primary types of tissues

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Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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Functions of epithelial tissue

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Protects, covers, and lines; filters substances; absorbs nutrients; provides sensory input; manufactures secretions and excretions

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Epithelial is

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Avascular (lack vessels) and tightly packed together

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Simple epithelial

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Provide little protection to underlying collective tissue and are find in protected areas of the body

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Simple

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Single layer of cells

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Stratified

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More than one layer of cells closely picked together

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Stratified epithelial

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Thicker and stronger; found in areas of bloody that are subjected to mechanical and chemical stress

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Pseudostratisfied

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1 cell layer but it's so packed it looks like multiple layers

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Squamous cells

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Flat; found at liminal surface

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Cuboidal cells

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Cube shaped; visible near basement membrane

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Columnar

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Tall and column-like

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Transitional

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Various shapes; line urinary tract

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Endothelium

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The epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels

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Mesothelium

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The epithelium that lines the chest cavity, pericardial, and peritoneal cavity

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Gland

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A cell or group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion

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Secretions

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Specialized protein molecules produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, packaged into granules by the Golgi apparatus, and discharge from the cell.

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Endocrine glands

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Form when connecting cells die; within the body; hormones

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Exocrine glands

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Develop when the connections between deep and superficial layers of cells form a duct; outside the body; sweat and saliva

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Ligament

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Connects bone to bone

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Tendon

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Connects muscle to bone

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Connective tissue is made of fibers called

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Collagen

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Collagenous fibers

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Strong, thick stands composed of the structural protein collagen

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Reticular fibers

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Thin, delicate, and branched into complicated networks

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Elastoc fibers

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Composed primarily of the protein elastin; branched and form complex networks but lack tensile strength of collagenous fibers

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Two cell types of connective tissue

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Fixed and transient

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Fixed cells

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Remain in connective tissue and are usually involved in the production and maintenance of the matrix

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Transient cells

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Move in and out of connective tissue; involved in repair and protection of the tissue

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Fibroblasts

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Large, irregular shaped cells that manufacture and secrete both the fibers and the ground substance characteristic of their particular matrix

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Adipose

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Fat cells; protects underlying wondering cells structures; prevents heat loss

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Reticular cells

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Flat, star shaped cells with long, out reaching arms that touch other cells, forming netlike connections throughout the tissue they compose; supports nerves and capillaries

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White fat

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Protects organs; resemble fibroblasts, but as they fill with lipid, the organelles and nuclei are pushed to one side and the cells become large spheres with eccentrically placed nuclei

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Brown fat

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Seen in animals hibernating and newborn animals; helps regulate heat

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Leukocytes

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White blood cells

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Osteoblasts

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cells that produce bone; develop from cartilage cells and mature into bone-producing cells

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Loose areolar tissue

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Beautiful tangle of randomly placed fibers and cells suspended in a thick, translucent ground substance; relaxed with myriad of round and star- shaped cells placed among crisscrossing fibers

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Loose adipose tissue

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Aka fat; found beneath skin, in spaces between muscles, behind the eyeballs, on the surface of the heart, surrounding the joints, in bone marrow, and in omentum of the abdomen; cells expand and wither depending on the amount of lipid that is being stored within them

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Reticular Connective Tissue

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composed of a complex, 3-D network of thin reticular fibers; contains only reticular fibers; loosely arranged fibers and many fibroblasts suspended in a supportive ground substance; supports nerves and capillaries

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Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

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characterized by densely packed arrangement of collagen fibers; 3 major types: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

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dense regular connective tissue

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tightly packed; parallel collagen fibers; silvery or white; avascular; slow to heal because restorative nutrients and building molecules have difficulty reaching the damaged tissue; makes up the tendons and ligaments

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dense irregular connective tissue

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composed primarily of collagen fibers arranged in thicker bundles than those found in dense regular connective tissue; interwoven randomly to form a single sheet that can withstand forces from many different directions; found in dermis and fibrous coverings of organs such as kidney, testes, liver, and spleen; forms tough capsule of joints

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elastic connective tissue

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found in relatively few regions of the body, such as in the spaces between vertebrae in the backbone; also occurs in regions of body that require stretching, i.e.: walls of arteries, stomach, large airways, bladder, and regions of hear; lies beneath transitional epithelium in urinary tract and in ligament suspending the penis; consists primarily of yellow elastic fibers

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cartilage

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tough, specialized connective tissue commonly called gristle; firm but bendable between joints; helps prevent sensitive outer layers of bone from rubbing against one another; composed of cells and matrix

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hyaline cartilage

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most common type of cartilage found in body; composed of closely packed collagen fibers that make it tough but more flexible than bone; forms supportive rings in the trachea and composes most of the embryonic skeleton; found in growth plates of long bones in growing animals; most rigid type of cartilage and enclosed within a perichondrium

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elastic cartilage

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similar to hyaline but contains a plethora of elastic fibers, which form dense, branching bundles that appear black microscopically; tremendous flexibility so that it can withstand repeated bending; found in epiglottis of larynx and in pinnae (external ears) of animals

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fibrocartilage

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usually found merged with hyaline and dense connective tissue; thick bundles of collagen fibers like hyaline but has fewer chondrocytes and lacks a perichondrium; found between vertebrae of the spine, between bones in the pelvic girdle, and in the knee joint; knee & pelvis

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bone

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osseous; hard and unbendable; combination of organic collagen fibers and inorganic calcium salts: calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate;

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osteoclasts

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large, multinuclear cells of the bone that absorb bone and structures and reshape remodel damaged bones

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blood

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red fluid that passes through vessels and carries nutrients and gases (oxygen) throughout the body is the most atypical type of connective tissue; plasma; rich with erthryocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

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erythrocytes

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red blood cells

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thrombocytes

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platelets

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mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial

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4 common types of epithelial membranes

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mucous membranes

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characterized by position in body because they are found lining the organs that have connections to the outside environment; part of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts and include mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, colon, nasal passages, trachea, bladder, and uterus; responsible for the production and secretion of mucous, which consists primarily of water, electrolytes, and a protein called mucin; helpful in the entrapment and disposal of invading pathogens and foreign particles

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serous membranes

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line the walls and cover the organs that fill closed body cavities, such as chest cavity or thorax and the abdominal and pelvic cavities; continuous sheet that is doubled over to form two layers with a narrow space in between them

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cutaneous membrane

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skin; perpetually exposed to the outside environment and posses unique features that distinguish it from other membrane types; composed of outer keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, or epidermis

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keratin

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a waxy substance that fills the cells of the epidermal layer as they make their developmental migration from the basement membrane to the outermost layer

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synovial membrane

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lines the cavities of joints; no epithelium; composed exclusively of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue covered by a layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts; smooth, shiny, and white; manufacture the synovial fluid that fills the joint spaces and, with the hyaline cartilage, reduces friction and abrasion at the ends of the bones

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muscle tissue

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uniquely designed for contraction; composed of specialized proteins called actin and myosin which are arranged into microfilaments

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a decrease in length of muscle means

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shortness in muscles

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3 types of muscle

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skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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skeletal

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moves bones; contains numerous large cells that may be a foot or more in length; responsible for animal's ability to walk, run, kick, bite, and have facial expressions; cells are fibers that are clustered into bundles and held together by loose connective tissue; consciously controlled; hundreds of nuclei and mitochondria

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voluntary muscle

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muscle controlled through conscious effort

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striated muscle

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striped cells

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smooth muscle

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composed of small, spindle-shaped cells that lack striations or bands and appear smooth; cannot be controlled consciously; found in walls of hollow organ such as blood vessels, urinary bladder, uterus, intestines, and stomach and also found in exocrine glands and along the respiratory tract; only one centrally located nucleus

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cardiac muscle

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exists only in the heart and possesses the remarkable ability to contract even when neural input has been altered; entirely involuntary and responsible for initiating the pumping force, which propels blood through blood vessels; one nucleus;

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specialized pacemaker cells

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these located within the heart muscle supply the signal for the heart to contract at regular intervals

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intercalated disk

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occur only in cardiac muscle; a specialized intercellular junction that connects cardiac muscle cells

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nervous tissue

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uniquely designed to receive and transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body; found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves and composed primarily of two general cell types: neurons and supporting neurological cells

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neurons

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longest cells in the body and may reach up to a meter in length; transmits impulses

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perikaryon

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cell body of a neuron

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dendrites

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short cytoplasmic extension of a neuron

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axon

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long, single extension of a neuron

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neurological cells

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found in greater numbers in neural tissue than are neurons; do not transmit impulses but serve to support neurons

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Steps in Tissue Healing & repair

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inflammation, granulation, regeneration

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inflammation signs

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redness, heat, swelling

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inflammation is the body's attempt

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to isolate the area, limit the damage caused by the injury, and prevent further damage

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Infection

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inflammation caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi

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steps in process of inflammation

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1. initial constriction occurs in small vessels of injured tissue and aids in control of hemorrhaging; 2. fluid from plasma pours into affected area causing swelling of soft tissue structures; 3. clot formation begins to take place, which slows bleeding and helps isolate the wound from invasion of pathogens and helps prevent bacteria and toxins from spreading to surrounding soft tissue structures; 4. macrophages and neutrophils move through blood vessels and squeeze through dilated capillaries to assist in removal of debris and microinvaders; 5. blood flow increases and histamine and heparin are dispersed and their levels drop in the affected area

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granulation

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a bright pink tissue that forms beneath the overlaying blood cot or scab; scars

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proud flesh

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when granulation tissue becomes too thick and stands out above epithelial layer; may be surgically cut down to facilitate closure of epithelial layer; commonly seen in equines that have sustained skin wounds

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epithelialization

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epithelial cells around the wound edges actively divide to lay down a new layer of epithelial tissue over the granulation tissue

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body systems

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groups of organs going to form particular functions

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skeletal system

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provide support and points of attachment

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muscular system

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provide moment

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integumentary system

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covers and protects body; heat regulation; excretes and secretion

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cardiovascular system

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transports blood; heart

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respiratory system

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oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

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gastrointestinal system

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breaks down food and excretes waste

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urogenital system

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produces urine

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endocrine system

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hormones

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nervous system

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stimuli and enables body to react