Tissues: Living Communities

Front 1

List the four major tissue types

Back 1

Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, and Nervous tissue.

Front 2

Describe the functions of epithelial tissues.

Back 2

It is composed of sheets of cells that cover and line other tissues. For example, it lines bladder, mouth, blood vessels, thorax, and all of the body cavities and ducts in the body.

Front 3

What are the three major types of cellular junction found between epithelial cells?

Back 3

Tight junction, desmosome, and gap junction.

Front 4

Tight Junction

Back 4

A type of intracellular connection that is impermeable to leaks. Passage of extracellular substances can occur only through the cell itself. Tight junctions are formed by the fusion of one cell's plasma membrane to another cell's plasma membrane.

Front 5

Desmosome

Back 5

A type of intracellular attachment found in epithelial tissue. The bond is formed from the interlocking of filaments that connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells.

Front 6

Gap Junction

Back 6

Proteinaceous pores that exist in the intestinal epithelial cells of most animals. These pores allow the passage of nutrients, as well as providing a channel for intercellular communication.

Front 7

Basement Membrane

Back 7

The foundation of the epithelial cell. It is a nonliving meshwork of fibers that cements the epithelial cell to the underlying connective tissue. It's strength and elasticity help prevent the cell from being torn off by intraluminal pressures, such as stretching or erosion caused by the rubbing of luminal material. It is manufactured and laid down by epithelial cells in varying degrees of thickness.

Front 8

List the different types of epithelial tissues

Back 8

Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, and pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Front 9

Simple squamous epithelium

Back 9

Delicate, single-layered, flat-celled epithelium found in the alveolar of the lungs and lining blood and lymph vessels.

Front 10

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 10

Composed of a single layer of cubic cells. Like simple squamous, they provide little protection from abrasion. Therefore it occurs in sheltered regions of the body where secretion and absorption take place. Found on the surface of ovaries, in the Secretary portions of glands, such as the thyroid, and in the lining of the ducts of the liver, pancreas, kidney, and salivary glands.

Front 11

Simple columnar epithelium

Back 11

Are elongated and closely packed together, making the epithelial relatively thick and more protective than the simple squamous and cuboidal epithelia. The nuclei are not centrally located, but aligned in a row at the base. They line the gastrointestinal tract, from the stomach to the rectum, and found in many Secretary ducts.

Front 12

Stratified squamous epithelium

Back 12

Consists of various cell layers. It occurs in regions of the body that are subject to mechanical and chemical stresses, such as the linings of the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum.

Front 13

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 13

Generally occurs as two layers of cuboidal cells and is found primarily along large Secretary ducts, such as those of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

Front 14

Stratified columnar epithelium

Back 14

Rare and found only in select parts of the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems and along some Secretary ducts.

Front 15

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 15

An epithelial layer that is not truly stratified. Most is ciliated and found in the respiratory tract and in portions of the male reproductive tract.

Front 16

Simple epithelia

Back 16

If there is only a single layer of epithelial cells, the tissue is classified as simple.

Front 17

Stratified epithelia

Back 17

Thicker and stronger. More than one layer of cells.

Front 18

Cuboidal cells.

Back 18

Cube shaped cells with centrally located nuclei.

Front 19

Squamous cells

Back 19

Flat cells

Front 20

Columnar cells

Back 20

Tall, thin epithelial cells with nuclei located at the basal end; often ciliated.

Front 21

Gland

Back 21

A cell or group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion.

Front 22

Excretion

Back 22

The elimination of waste materials from the cell or body.

Front 23

Secretion

Back 23

The process by which a cell or gland produces and expels some useful product; also used to refer to the product itself.

Front 24

Transitional epithelium

Back 24

Has the remarkable ability to stretch. It is found in regions of the body that are required to expand and contract as part of their normal function. This it is found in portions of the urinary tract, such as urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, and calyxes of the kidney.

Front 25

Endocrine glands

Back 25

Glands that do not have ducts or tubules and whose secretions are distributed throughout the body.

Front 26

Exocrine glands

Back 26

These possess ducts. More common than endocrine glands. They act by discharging secretions via their ducts directly into nearby areas where they may, for example, cover cell surfaces or empty into body cavities. Unlike endocrine glands, these secretions act locally and do not normally enter the circulation.

Front 27

Unicellular Exocrine gland

Back 27

The only known example is the goblet cell. It is a doubtless Exocrine gland that secretes mucus.

Front 28

Multicellular Exocrine glands

Back 28

Made up of two distinct components: a Secretary unit in which secretions are produced by Secretory cells, and a duct that carries the secretion to the deposition site.

Front 29

Duct

Back 29

A tubelike channel that provides an exit route for secretory or excretory products.

Front 30

What are the three other classifications of cells?

Back 30

Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.

Front 31

Merocrine gland

Back 31

A gland who's secretions contain none of it's cells, this leaving the gland cells intact. Examples include salivary and sweat glands.

Front 32

Apocrine

Back 32

A gland whose secretions contain some of it's cellular material. Part of the Secretory cell is destroyed and must regenerate before the cell can secrete again. Examples of these are mammary glands, and some sweat glands.

Front 33

Holocrine glands

Back 33

A gland whose glandular secretions contain not only the secretory product but also the cells themselves. Holocrine glands are destroyed in the process of secretion. The sebaceous gland is an example.

Front 34

Squamous cells

Back 34

Flat cells that make up squamous epithelial.

Front 35

Cuboidal cells

Back 35

Cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei.

Front 36

Columnar cells

Back 36

Tall, thin epithelial cells with nuclei located at the basal end; often ciliated.

Front 37

Simple Tubular gland

Back 37

Intestinal glands

Front 38

Simple Tubular coiled

Back 38

Sweat glands

Front 39

Simple branched Tubular

Back 39

Gastric (stomach) glands

Front 40

Simple alveolar

Back 40

Sebaceous (skin oil) glands

Front 41

Simple branched alveolar

Back 41

Sebaceous glands

Front 42

Compound tubular

Back 42

Mammary glands

Front 43

Compound alveolar

Back 43

Mammary glands

Front 44

Compound tubuloalveolar

Back 44

Salivary glands

Front 45

Mesothelium

Back 45

The epithelium that lines the pleural (chest), pericardial, (around the heart), and peritoneal (abdominal) cavities.

Front 46

Endothelium

Back 46

The epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels.

Front 47

Ground substance

Back 47

In connective tissue. It is an amorphous, homogenous material that ranges in texture from a liquid or gel to a calcified solid. In soft connective tissues it is composed of unbranched chains of glycoproteins called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).

Front 48

Connective tissue contains three types of fibers

Back 48

Collagenous, reticular, and elastic.

Front 49

Collagenous fibers

Back 49

Strong thick strands composed of the structural protein collagen.

Front 50

Reticular fibers

Back 50

Like Collagenous fibers, are composed of collagen, but they are not thick. Instead, they are thin, delicate, and branched into complicated networks.

Front 51

Elastic fibers

Back 51

Composed primarily of the protein elastin. Like reticular fibers, they are branched and form complex networks, but they lack the tensile strength of Collagenous fibers.

Front 52

Fixed cells

Back 52

Cells that remain in the connective tissue.

Front 53

Transient cells

Back 53

Cells that pass in and out of the connective tissue.

Front 54

List types of fixed cells

Back 54

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, reticular cells.

Front 55

List types of wandering cells

Back 55

Leukocytes, mast cells, and macrophages.

Front 56

Diapedesis

Back 56

When cells squeeze through the walls of tiny blood vessels to enter the surrounding tissue.

Front 57

Mast cells

Back 57

Oval cells that are easily identified by the large number of dark-staining granules stored in the cytoplasm.

Front 58

Macrophages

Back 58

Massive, irregularly shaped phagocytizing scavengers that may be either fixed or transient in connective tissue.

Front 59

Connective Tissue Proper

Back 59

The largest classification and contains every subtype of connective tissue except bone, cartilage, and blood.

Front 60

List two subclasses of connective tissue proper

Back 60

Loose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue.

Front 61

Loose connective tissue includes

Back 61

Areolar, adipose, and reticular tissue.

Front 62

Dense connective tissue contains

Back 62

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic tissue.

Front 63

Areolar tissue

Back 63

A beautiful tangle of randomly placed fibers and cells suspended in a thick, translucent ground substance.

Front 64

Adipose tissue

Back 64

Commonly known as fat. It is Areolar tissue in which adipocytes or fat cells predominate. Found beneath the skin in spaces between muscles, behind the eyeballs, on the surface of the heart, surrounding the joints, in bone marrow, and in the omentum of the abdomen.

Front 65

White adipose tissue

Back 65

Found throughout the body, particularly in the deep layers of the skin.

Front 66

Brown adipose tissue

Back 66

Found in newborn animals and in animals that hibernate during the winter.

Front 67

Reticular connective tissue

Back 67

Composed of a complex, three-dimensional network of thin reticular fibers.

Front 68

Reticular connective tissue

Back 68

Composed of a complex, three-dimensional network of thin reticular fibers.

Front 69

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Back 69

Characterized by its densely packed arrangement of collagen fibers.

Front 70

Blood

Back 70

The red fluid that passes through vessels and that carries nutrient molecules and gases throughout the body and is the most atypical connective tissue.

Front 71

Bone

Back 71

Osseous connective tissue is the hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue. It's specialized matrix is a combination of organic collagen fibers and inorganic calcium salts, such as calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Bone, unlike cartilage, is well vascularized.

Front 72

Hyaline cartilage

Back 72

The most common type of cartilage found in the body. Composed of closely packed collagen fibers that make it tough but more flexible than bone. It is found as articular cartilage at the ends of long bones in joints and connects to the ribs in the sternum.

Front 73

Elastic cartilage

Back 73

Similar to Hyaline cartilage but contains a plethora of elastic fibers, which form dense, branching bundles that appear black microscopically. These fibers give elastic cartilage tremendous flexibility so that it can withstand repeated bending.

Front 74

Fibrocartilage

Back 74

Usually found merged with Hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue.

Front 75

Haversion Canal

Back 75

Contains both a vascular and a nerve supply.

Front 76

Cartilage

Back 76

A tough, specialized connective tissue that is commonly called gristle. It is more rigid than dense connective tissue but is more flexible than bone.

Front 77

Mucous membranes

Back 77

Always found lining the organs that have connections to the outside environment.

Front 78

Serous membranes

Back 78

Called serosae. They line the walls and cover the ograns that fill closed body cavities, such as the chest cavity or thorax and the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Front 79

Parietal layer

Back 79

The portion of the membrane that lines the cavity wall.

Front 80

Visceral layer

Back 80

The portion that covers the outer surfaces of the organs.