Tissue Level Organization

Front 1

Epithelial Tissue

Back 1

covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and forms glands.

Front 2

Connective Tissue

Back 2

Fills spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials within the body, and stores energy reserves

Front 3

Muscle Tissue

Back 3

Specialized for contraction, includes the skeletal muscles of thebody, as well as the muscle of the heart and the muscular lining of hollow organs

Front 4

Neural Tissue

Back 4

Carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses

Front 5

Epithelia

Back 5

layers of cells that cover internal or external surfaces, cover every exposed surface of the body

Front 6

Glands

Back 6

structures that produce fluid secretionsl they are either attached to or derived from epithelia

Front 7

What are the 4 Major types of intercellular connections

Back 7

1. tight junctions
2. gap junctions
3. desmosomes
4. hemidesmosomes

Front 8

Tight Junction

Back 8

formed by the fusion of the outer layers of two cell membrances.

Front 9

What encircles the apical portion of many epithelial cells, preveting the diffusion of fluids and solutes between the cells?

Back 9

Bands of tight junctions

Front 10

Gap Junction

Back 10

permit the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between 2 cells

Front 11

Desmosome

Back 11

has a more organized network of intermediate filaments. Attach one cell to another

Front 12

Belt of desmosomes

Back 12

a continuous belt of desmosomes lies deep to the tight juncitons. This belt is tied to the microfilaments of the terminal web

Front 13

Hemidesmosomes

Back 13

attach a cell to extracellular structures, such as the protein fibers in the basal lamina

Front 14

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia

Back 14

Location: glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, thyroid gland
Funciton: limited pretection, secretion, absorption

Front 15

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelieum

Back 15

Locations: lining of some ducts
Functions: protection, secretion, absorption

Front 16

Transitional Epithelium

Back 16

Locations: Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters
Functions: permits expansion and recoil after stretching

Front 17

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Back 17

Locations: Lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys
Functions: protection, secretion, absorption

Front 18

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Back 18

Locations: Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi; portions of male reproductive tract
Functions: Protection and secretion

Front 19

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Back 19

Locaitons: Small areas of the pharnyx, epoglottis, anus, mammary gland, salivary gland ducts, and urethra
Functions: Protection

Front 20

Mesenchyme

Back 20

embryonic connective tissue, the first connective tissue to appear in the developing embryo

Front 21

What does mesenchyme contain?

Back 21

an abundance of star-shaped stem cells (mesenchymal cells separated by a matrix with very fine protein filaments)

Front 22

What gives rise to all other connective tissues in the development of an embryo?

Back 22

mesenchyme

Front 23

Wharton's Jelly

Back 23

mucous connective tissue, a loose connective tissue found in many parts of the embryo including the umbilical cord

Front 24

What are the "packing materials" of the body?

Back 24

Loose connective tissues because they fill spaces between organs, cushion and stabilize specialized cells in many organs, and support epithelia

Front 25

Adipose tissue

Back 25

Locations: deep to the skin, especially at sides, buttocks, breats, padding around eyeballs and kidneys
Functions: provides padding and cushion shocks, insulates, stores energy reserves

Front 26

Reticular Tissue

Back 26

Locations: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
Functions: provides supporting framework

Front 27

Dense Refular Connective Tissue

Back 27

Locations: between skeletal muscles and skeleton, between bones or stabilizing positions of internal orgns, covering skeletal muscles, deep fasciae
Funcitons: provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction between muscles, stabilizes relative positions of bones

Front 28

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Back 28

Locations: capsules of visceral organs, periostea and perichondria, nerve and muscle sheaths, dermis
Functions: provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions, helps prevent overexpansion of organs such as the urinary bladder

Front 29

Elastic Tissue

Back 29

Locations: between vertebrae of the spinal column, ligaments supporting penis, ligaments supporting transitional epithelia, in blood vessel walls
Functions: stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis, cusions and shocks, permits expansion and contraction of organs

Front 30

What is dense regular connective tissue also considered?

Back 30

A tendon

Front 31

The deep dermis of the skin contains a thick layer of ____ ______ ____________ _______

Back 31

Dense irregular connective tissue

Front 32

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Back 32

Locations: combined with connective tissues and nervous tissue in skeletal muscles
Functions: moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton, gards entrances and exits to the digestive tracts, generates heat, protects internal organs

Front 33

Caridiac Muscle Tissue

Back 33

Location: heart
Functions: circulates blood, maintains blood pressure

Front 34

Smooth muscle tissue

Back 34

Locations: encircles blood vessels, found in the walls of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs
Functions: moves food, urine and reprosuctive tract secretions, controls diameter of respiratory passageways, regulates diameter of blood vessels

Front 35

Neuroglia

Back 35

Maintain physical structure of tissues
Repair tissue framework after injury
perform phagocytosis
Provide nutrients to neurons
Regulate the composition of the interstatial fluid surrounding neurons

Front 36

A typical neuron has a large cell body with a large ______ and prominent ______________

Back 36

Nucleus, Nucleolus

Front 37

What is the term for the branching processes extending from the cell body?

Back 37

Dendrites and one axon

Front 38

What is the funciton of a dendrite?

Back 38

dendrites receive information, typically from other neurons, and the axon carries that information to other cells

Front 39

Why are axons also called nerve fibers?

Back 39

because they tend to be very long and slender

Front 40

Osteocyte

Back 40

mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix

Front 41

Osteoblast

Back 41

Immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix

Front 42

Osteoprogenitor cell

Back 42

stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts

Front 43

Osteoclast

Back 43

multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix

Front 44

Osteon / Haversian system

Back 44

a basic functional unit of mature compact bone

Front 45

Haversian Canal

Back 45

contains one or more blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon

Front 46

Which canals run parallel to the surface of the bone?

Back 46

Central canals generally run parallel to the surface of the bone

Front 47

Which canals run perpendicular to the surface of the bone?

Back 47

perforating canals / the canals of Volkmann

Front 48

To where to blood vessels in the central and perforating canals supply blood?

Back 48

to the osteons deeper in the bond and to tissues of the marrow cavity

Front 49

What is the funciton of compact bone?

Back 49

compact bone is the thickest where stresses arrive from a limited range of directions, all osteons alligned the same way

Front 50

How do nutrients reach the osteocytes in spongy bone?

Back 50

by diffusion along canaliculi that open onto the surfaces of trabeculae