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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four types of tissues? |
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Neural |
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What is a membrane? |
Superficial epithelial sheet underlying connective layer. |
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What are the four types of membranes? |
1. Serous 2. Mucous 3. Cutaneous 4. Synovial |
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Where is the parietal layer of a membrane? |
Outer layer that lines the walls of the cavities. |
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Where is the Visceral layer of a membrane? |
Inner- comers the organs. |
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Function of Cutaneous Membranes. |
1. Physical protection (protection from microbes, abrasion, heat) 2. Chemical protection (Keratin, dryness of the epidermis; salt of sweat) 3. Regulation of water exchange (by sweating). 4. Regulation of body temperature: Thermoregulation (sweating and adjusting blood flow through the dermis) 5. Excretion of wastes (sweating) 6. Nutrition (synthesis of vitamin D precursor; activated in skin covered to calcitrol in liver). 7. Sensation- (touch, pressure, vibration, pain & thermal). 8. Immune defense- (Langerhans cells of the epidermis). |
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What are the two layers of the skin? |
Epidermis- top layer
Dermis- under epidermis |
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What is the hypodermis? |
The subcutaneous layer (Superficial fascia). Connects the skin to the underlying muscle or organs. |
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What types of tissue are found in skin and the hypodermis? |
1. Loose connective tissue 2. Dense irregular tissue 3. Loose areolar connective tissue. 4. Adipose tissue |
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What are the layers of the epidermis? |
1. Stratum Corneum 2. Stratum Lucidum(palm,soles) 3.Stratum Granulosum 4. Stratum Spinosum 5. Stratum Germinativum (Basale) |
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What are the layers of the Dermis? |
1. Papillary Layer (loose areolar connective tissue).
2. Reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue). |
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What are keratinocytes? |
Epithelial cells that synthesize the protein Keratin. (Makes up the majority of the epidermis). |
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What are Melanocytes? |
Cells for the synthesis of the light absorbing pigment (melanin). |
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What is an exocrine gland? |
Epithelial cells specialized to produce and Secrete into ducts. Unicellular(goblet cells) multicellular (majority) -serous glands -mucus glands -mixed glands |
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What is an endocrine gland? |
Epithelial cells specialized to produce secrete directly into bloodstream (thyroid, pituitary). |
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What types of glands are found in the body? |
Exocrine, Endocrine, and Mixed glands. |
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What glands are found in skin? Where are they located? |
1.Sebaceous glands (found in stratum Corneum) except palms and soles.
2.Sudoriferous glands (found in the dermis:reticular layer.)
3.Ceruminous- (ear canal) |
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What are the types of sweat glands? |
1.Eccrine Glands- all over body open directly onto the surface of the skin.
2.Apocrine Glands-located in armpit,groin.
3.Mammary Glands- large complex apocrine sweat glands.
4.Ceruminous Glands- located in ear canal. |
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Accessory structures of the skin. |
1. Hair 2. Nails 3. Sudoriferous Glands 4. Sebaceous Glands 5. Meissener's corpuscles 6. Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles |
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What are the parts of a nail? |
1. Free edge 2. Nail body 3. Nail Wall 4. Lunula 5. Eponychium 6. Cuticle 7. Nail Matrix 8. Nail Root 9. Mantle 10. Nail grooves 11. Nail bed 12. Peronychium 13. Hyponychium |
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What are parts of the hair? |
1. Hair Bulb 2. Hair Root 3. Hair shaft 4. Hair Papilla |
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What are the parts of a hair follicle? |
1. Internal Root Sheath 2. External Root Sheath 3. Glassy Membrane 4. Connective Tissue Sheath |
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Osseous Tissue functions |
1. Structural support 2. Storage of minerals and lipids 3. Blood cell production 4. Triglyceride storage 5. Protection of delicate tissues and organs. 6. Leverage. |
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Osteon structure and organization |
Matrix organized as concentric circles (concentric lamallae) around a central canal (site for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves). |
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Osteon cell types |
1. Osteocytes- Mature bone cell •maintain and monitor the protein content of bone •completely surrounded by hard bone matrix. •Directs the release of calcium from bone to blood. •Directs the deposition of calcium within the bone matrix • Do not undergo cell division.
2. Osteoblasts- Immature bone; forming cells. •Cuboidal in shape •Found in the inner and outer surface of the bone. • Do not divide
3. Osteoprogenitor Cell(OPCs)- Derived from stem cells (found within the bone marrow). • fracture repair and bone remodeling •undergo division
4. Osteoclasts- destruction of old bone. Large cells derived from macrophages. |
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Compact Bone (dense bone) |
Makes up the bulk of the shaft of a long bone, outer layers of short, flat, and irregular bones. |
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Spongy Bone (lighter, but stronger than compact bone) |
Doesn't contain osteons, consists of trabeculae. Site for blood cell formation, higher level of remodeling. Makes up the majority of the irregular, flat, and short bones of the body (hips, ribs, sternum) |
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Types of bones |
1. Long Bones- greater length than width (humerus bone) 2. Short Bones- cube shaped, spongy bone except at surface (carpal bone) 3. Flat Bones- Two parallel plates of compact bone (parietal bone) 4. Irregular Bones- cannot be grouped (Vertebrae) 5. Sesamoid Bone- Develop in tendons (patella) 6. Sutural Bones- Located between joints (sutures on skull) |
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Types of bones |
1. Long Bones- greater length than width (humerus bone)
2. Short Bones- cube shaped, spongy bone except at surface (carpal bone)
3. Flat Bones- Two parallel plates of compact bone (parietal bone)
4. Irregular Bones- cannot be grouped (Vertebrae)
5. Sesamoid Bone- Develop in tendons (patella)
6. Sutural Bones- Located between joints (sutures on skull) |
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Long Bone |
1. Diaphysis- Shaft of bone.
2. Epiphysis- Distal and proximal end of bones.
3. Metaphysis- Region where the Diaphysis joins the Epiphysis.
4. Articular Cartilage- Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis.
5.Periosteum- Dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outside of the bone where not covered with articular cartilage.
6. Medullary Cavity (marrow cavity) - Space within diaphysis (contains yellow marrow).
7.Endosteum- Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity of long bones single layer of bone forming OPCs. |
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Periosteum |
A membrane with a fibrous layer and a cellular inner layer. Isolated the bound surrounding the tissue, provides a route for the circulatory and nervous supply and actively participates in bone growth and repair. |
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Endosteum |
An incomplete cellular layer, lines the marrow cavity. Active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling. Covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surface central canals. |
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Cartilagenous Tissue functions |
1.Support 2.Attachment 3.Protection |
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Cartilagenous Tissue Cell types and locations |
Cell types- chondrocytes
Matrix composition- Collagen II Fibers + gel like substance.
1. Hyaline(most common): Reduces friction between bony surfaces. Found in the ends of bones, within joints, end of nose, supports respiratory passages.
2. Elastic: Flexible, found in external ears and parts of larynx.
3.Fibrocartilage: very tough, shock absorber. Found in the intervertebral discs of the knee. |
