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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cross-Sectional
Timing of Data Collection |
One time point
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Cross-Sectional
Prevalence Measurements |
YES
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Cross-Sectional
Causality |
NO
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Cross-Sectional
Assesses/Measures |
Examines possible relationship between exposure and outcome; One “point” in time—both exposure status and outcome status are determined simultaneously for each subject
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Cross-Sectional
Assesses/Measures |
Examines possible relationship between exposure and outcome; One “point” in time—both exposure status and outcome status are determined simultaneously for each subject
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Cross-Sectional
Data Analysis |
Chi-Square to assess association
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Cross-Sectional
Advantages |
Can examine possible association between risk and outcome; relatively quick and easy; inexpensive; can generate hypotheses
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Cross-Sectional
Disadvantages |
Cannot assess causation; late-look bias; not good for hypothesis testing
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Case-Control
Timing of Data Collection |
Retrospective
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Case-Control
Incidence Measurements |
NO
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Case-Control
Prevalence Measurements |
NO
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Case-Control
Causality |
YES
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Case-Control
Assesses/Measures |
Many risks for single disease; Odds ratio
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Case-Control
Data Analysis |
The study design begins with people with disease (cases, or outcome) and compares them to people without disease (controls, or outcome); then compares exposure status between these two groups
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Case-Control
Advantages |
Can test hypotheses and examine causality; can look at many risks for one disease; relatively short; less expensive; can more easily study conditions of low incidence or prevalence (good for studying rare diseases)
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Case-Control
Disadvantages |
Recall Bias; challenge of selecting appropriate controls; cannot measure incidence or prevalence
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Ecological
Timing of Data Collection |
One point in time
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Ecological
Incidence Measurements |
YES (rates)
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Ecological
Prevalence Measurements |
YES
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Ecological
Causality |
NO
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Ecological
Assesses/Measures |
Examine entire populations; outcome frequency
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Ecological
Data Analysis |
Correlation
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Ecological
Advantages |
Inexpensive; Quick; Easy; Generate Hypotheses
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Ecological
Disadvantages |
Ecological Fallacy; Late-look bias; Cannot examine associations
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"Cohort
(retrospective)" Timing of Data Collection |
Retrospective
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"Cohort
(retrospective)" Incidence Measurements |
YES (rates and risks)
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"Cohort
(retrospective)" Prevalence Measurements |
NO
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"Cohort
(retrospective)" Causality |
YES
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"Cohort
(retrospective)" Assesses/Measures |
One risk, many disease outcomes; relative risk, odds ratio
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"Cohort
(retrospective)" Data Analysis |
Measures the rate of outcome occurrence from observations made "after the fact"; Investigators go "back in time" and define the study population based upon eligibility criteria
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"Cohort
(retrospective)" Advantages |
Flexible; can use to determine actual measure of risk; can study many disease outcomes; good for studying risk factors
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"Cohort
(retrospective)" Disadvantages |
Recall Bias
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"Cohort
(prospective); most common" Timing of Data Collection |
Prospective
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"Cohort
(prospective); most common" Incidence Measurements |
YES (rates and risks)
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"Cohort
(prospective); most common" Prevalence Measurements |
NO
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"Cohort
(prospective); most common" Causality |
YES
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"Cohort (prospective);
most common" Assesses/Measures (3) |
One risk, many disease outcomes; relative risk, odds ratio
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"Cohort
(prospective); most common" Data Analysis |
Study groups are followed and the outcome is allowed to naturally occur, thus allowing for a true measurement of the rate of outcome occurrence
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"Cohort
(prospective); most common" Advantages |
Flexible; can use to determine actual measure of risk; can study many disease outcomes; good for studying risk factors
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"Cohort
(prospective); most common" Disadvantages |
Time consuming and costly; losses to follow-up; can study only the risk measured at the beginning of the study
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"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)" Timing of Data Collection |
Prospective
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"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)" Incidence Measurements |
YES
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"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)" Prevalence Measurements |
NO
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"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)" Causality |
YES
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"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)" Assesses/Measures |
Relative Risk; Odds Ratio
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"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)" Data Analysis |
Randomization of subjects to exposure groups--exposure is manipulated and controlled by the investigators; single-blind, double-blind
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"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)" Advantages |
Most scientifically rigorous; can be least subjected to bias (double-blinded studies)
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"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)" Disadvantages |
Most expensive and time consuming; External validity—can the results be effectively generalized to a broader population?
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