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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cross-Sectional


Timing of Data Collection
One time point
Cross-Sectional

Prevalence Measurements
YES
Cross-Sectional

Causality
NO
Cross-Sectional

Assesses/Measures
Examines possible relationship between exposure and outcome; One “point” in time—both exposure status and outcome status are determined simultaneously for each subject
Cross-Sectional

Assesses/Measures
Examines possible relationship between exposure and outcome; One “point” in time—both exposure status and outcome status are determined simultaneously for each subject
Cross-Sectional


Data Analysis
Chi-Square to assess association
Cross-Sectional

Advantages
Can examine possible association between risk and outcome; relatively quick and easy; inexpensive; can generate hypotheses
Cross-Sectional


Disadvantages
Cannot assess causation; late-look bias; not good for hypothesis testing
Case-Control

Timing of Data Collection
Retrospective
Case-Control

Incidence Measurements
NO
Case-Control

Prevalence Measurements
NO
Case-Control

Causality
YES
Case-Control

Assesses/Measures
Many risks for single disease; Odds ratio
Case-Control

Data Analysis
The study design begins with people with disease (cases, or outcome) and compares them to people without disease (controls, or outcome); then compares exposure status between these two groups
Case-Control

Advantages
Can test hypotheses and examine causality; can look at many risks for one disease; relatively short; less expensive; can more easily study conditions of low incidence or prevalence (good for studying rare diseases)
Case-Control

Disadvantages
Recall Bias; challenge of selecting appropriate controls; cannot measure incidence or prevalence
Ecological


Timing of Data Collection
One point in time
Ecological


Incidence Measurements
YES (rates)
Ecological


Prevalence Measurements
YES
Ecological

Causality
NO
Ecological

Assesses/Measures
Examine entire populations; outcome frequency
Ecological

Data Analysis
Correlation
Ecological

Advantages
Inexpensive; Quick; Easy; Generate Hypotheses
Ecological

Disadvantages
Ecological Fallacy; Late-look bias; Cannot examine associations
"Cohort
(retrospective)"

Timing of Data Collection
Retrospective
"Cohort
(retrospective)"

Incidence Measurements
YES (rates and risks)
"Cohort
(retrospective)"

Prevalence Measurements
NO
"Cohort
(retrospective)"

Causality
YES
"Cohort
(retrospective)"

Assesses/Measures
One risk, many disease outcomes; relative risk, odds ratio
"Cohort
(retrospective)"

Data Analysis
Measures the rate of outcome occurrence from observations made "after the fact"; Investigators go "back in time" and define the study population based upon eligibility criteria
"Cohort
(retrospective)"

Advantages
Flexible; can use to determine actual measure of risk; can study many disease outcomes; good for studying risk factors
"Cohort
(retrospective)"

Disadvantages
Recall Bias
"Cohort
(prospective);
most common"

Timing of Data Collection
Prospective
"Cohort
(prospective);
most common"

Incidence Measurements
YES (rates and risks)
"Cohort
(prospective);
most common"

Prevalence Measurements
NO
"Cohort
(prospective);
most common"

Causality
YES
"Cohort (prospective);
most common"

Assesses/Measures (3)
One risk, many disease outcomes; relative risk, odds ratio
"Cohort
(prospective);
most common"

Data Analysis
Study groups are followed and the outcome is allowed to naturally occur, thus allowing for a true measurement of the rate of outcome occurrence
"Cohort
(prospective);
most common"

Advantages
Flexible; can use to determine actual measure of risk; can study many disease outcomes; good for studying risk factors
"Cohort
(prospective);
most common"

Disadvantages
Time consuming and costly; losses to follow-up; can study only the risk measured at the beginning of the study
"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)"

Timing of Data Collection
Prospective
"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)"

Incidence Measurements
YES
"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)"

Prevalence Measurements
NO
"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)"

Causality
YES
"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)"

Assesses/Measures
Relative Risk; Odds Ratio
"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)"

Data Analysis
Randomization of subjects to exposure groups--exposure is manipulated and controlled by the investigators; single-blind, double-blind
"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)"

Advantages
Most scientifically rigorous; can be least subjected to bias (double-blinded studies)
"Randomized Controlled
Clinical Trial (RCCT)"


Disadvantages
Most expensive and time consuming; External validity—can the results be effectively generalized to a broader population?