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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Vital statistics registry systems describes what?
events
US Census describes what?
the population
Fundamental epidemiologic measure describes what?
the occurrence of an event of interest in a population

Define the measure and the population

Reproducible and generalizable
What is a count?
the number of individuals who meet the event definition (e.g., 213,867 cases of breast cancer)
to describe a fundamental epidemiologic measure, how do you normally do it?
with a fraction
to describe a fundamental epidemiologic measure we use a fraction, what do the numerator and denominator mean respectively?
Numerators (typically the eventof interest)
--------------------------------
Denominators (typically the populationof interest)
Describe the difference btw ratio, proportion, and rate
Ratio: X/Y

Proportion: X/(X+Y)

Rate X at a point in time/ X+Y at the same point in time
What are the 3 uses for 2x2 tables?
1.
Clinical diagnostic testing
2.
Calculating epidemiologic measure
3.
Hypothesis testing
using a 2x2 table, how would you calculate the risk of disease if exposed?
A
----------
A + B

A=number of people exposed with disease

B=number of people exposed
withOUTdisease
using a 2x2 table, how would you calculate Risk of disease if UNexposed
C
----------
C + D

C=number of people NOT exposed with disease

D=number of people NOT exposed withOUTdisease
using a 2x2 table, how would you calculate Odds of Disease
If exposed
A
---
B

A=number of people exposed with disease
B=number of people NOT exposed with disease
using a 2x2 table, how would you calculate Odds of Disease
If UNexposed
C
----
D

C=number of people NOT exposed with disease
D=number of people NOT exposed withOUTdisease
What is point versus period prevalence?
if a disease is present at a certain point or over a longer duration (period)
What are crude rates? give an example
Rates that apply to an entire population, without regard to any specific characteristics

E.g., Which country has the highest crude mortality rate: USA, Sweden, or Equador?

CMR = # deaths / mid-period population
what are specific rates? please give an example
Population is divided into smaller homogenous subgroups (e.g., age-specific mortality rate)

ASMR = # deaths people of certain age group / # people age group
What is an adjusted (or standardized) rate?
Crude rates that have been adjusted to account for (control for) the effects of some other variable (e.g., age) to allow for a more valid comparison

E.g., compare the ASMRs of two populations to a fictitious “standard” population
what does prevalence measure?
the presence of disease that exists in population at a given time
This value is a proportion [ P = X / (X+Y)], where X = disease
what is Point prevalence
Measures presence of disease at a specific point in time
what is period prevalence?
Measures the presence of disease throughout a specified period of time
what is incidence of disease?
measures the occurrence of new cases of disease over a given time
This value is a rate [ I = X / (X+Y)], where X = disease or case
Y=ppl without the case
what is Cumulative incidence
All individuals in the population are at risk for the outcome over the entire period of study
what is Incidence density
All individuals in the denominator of the rate fraction were not followed for the same length of time
The rate includes a time component referred to as “person-years”
for incidence what is the denominator of the fraction
the denominator of the fraction is comprised of all people in the population who are at risk of developing disease
what is the fraction used for incidence?
ppl that become diagnosed with a case

--------------------

those at risk of getting the disease
Be able to calculate Incidence Density Rate, the number of person years by looking at a graph
SEE SLIDE 22 on Epi Measures lecture
Prevalence vs Incidence
incidence will increase prevalence

so you will hvae a baseline prevalence, as you add new cases (increase incidence) you will increase prevalence

If people start dying you will decrease prevalence (as well as population, which is in both numerator and denominator)
development of new cases, immigration/emigration, and average duration of disease state all influence what?
prevalence
Prevalence=?

THIS WILL BE ON THE TEST
Incidence X Duration (average)
P = I X D
what is attack rate?
is a “special” type of incidence rate in which the time period is specified implicitly rather than explicitly

Typically related to an outbreak in which a proportion of the population is exposed and develops the outcome
rate of food poisoning within a population of people exposed to “bad” food

this is an example of what?
Attack rate

Cases that develop months after the incident (e.g., exposure to contaminated food) are not considered part of that particular outbreak
Case-Fatality Rate =
# deaths from lung cancer in one year
----------------------------------
# people with lung cancer in that year


percentage of people with disease that die of the disease in given time
Proportionate mortality
Proportion, not a rate
Of all the deaths in a population, what proportion are caused by disease “X”?
Proportionate mortality for X=
# deaths from X in 2002 in USA
----------------------------------------------------
total # of deaths in 2002 in USA

expressed as percentage (so x100)
Crude Birth Rate=?
# live births in 2002 in USA
-------------------------------------------
mid-period population in 2002 in USA