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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the anatomical location of the pericardium.
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Located in the middle mediastinum, behind the sternum, extending from costal cartilage 2-6.
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What is the fibrous pericardium?
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Outermost part of pericardium that attaches inferiorly to the central tendon of the diaphragm. Fused with outer coats of the great vessels.
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What is the serous pericardium?
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Inner aspect of the pericardium consisting of the parietal and visceral layers.
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Parietal layer of epicardium
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lines the fibrous pericardium and is reflected around roots of the great vessels to become continious with the visceral layer (epicardium)
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Oblique pericardial sinus
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wide, slit-like recess between the left atrium and pericardium, formed on posterior aspect of heart by the pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava penetrating the fibrous pericardium
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Transverse pericardial sinus
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short passage on the posterior surface, between the reflection of serous pericardium around the aorta and pulmonary trunk and the reflection around the large veins
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Skeleton of the heart
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consists of fibrous rings that surround the atrioventricular, pulmonary, and aortic orifices; continuous with membranous upper part of ventricular septum
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Sternocostal surface of the heart
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right atrium and right ventricle, separated by atrioventricular groove
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Diaphragmatic surface of the heart
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right and left ventricles, separated by posterior interventricular groove
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Base of the heart
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posterior surface, formed by left atrium
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Apex of the heart
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formed by left ventricle, (deep to the left 5th intercostal space)
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What separates the atria other than the atrial septum?
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atrioventricular (coronary) groove
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What separates the ventricles other than the ventricular septum?
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anterior and posterior interventricular grooves
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Sinus Venarum
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smooth-walled posterior part of the right atrium that receives vena cavae and coronary sinus
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Describe the anterior wall of the right atrium.
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rough-walled with musculi pectinati bundles of muscle fibers that roughen (trabeculate) the inside surface of the atrium
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The two parts of the RA are separated internally and externally by...
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The 2 parts are separated externally by the sulcus terminalis and internally by a vertical edge called the crista terminalis
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Which blood vessels empty into the RA and where?
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Receives the superior vena cava in upper, posterior part,
the inferior vena cava and coronary sinus in lower part, and the anterior cardiac vein in anterior part |
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Fossa Ovalis
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shallow depression on the septum, marks the site of the fetal foramen ovale
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What connects the Aortic Arch with the PA?
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Ligamentum Arteriosum
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Conus Arteriosus
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Superior anterior end is cone-shaped conus arteriosus (also called infundibulum), giving rise to the pulmonary trunk; lies anterior to the root of the aorta and inferior to the root of the pulmonary trunk
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Characteristics of the inflow path of the RV
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has irregular muscular elevations (trabeculae carneae); the moderator band crosses the ventricle from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle, and carries the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle.
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Characteristics of the outflow path of the RV
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(infundibulum) is smooth-walled, directed upwards toward the pulmonary trunk, and guarded by the pulmonary valve
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Papillary muscles project from which structure?
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Papillary muscles project from the trabeculae carneae
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How many cusps do the Aortic and Pulmonic valve have?
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3
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The LA consists of...
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Consists of main cavity and a left auricle. Interior of left atrium is smooth, but surface of left auricle is marked with muscular ridges due to underlying pectinate muscles
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Characteristics of the inflow path of the RV
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has irregular muscular elevations (trabeculae carneae); the moderator band crosses the ventricle from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle, and carries the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle.
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Characteristics of the outflow path of the RV
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(infundibulum) is smooth-walled, directed upwards toward the pulmonary trunk, and guarded by the pulmonary valve
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Papillary muscles project from which structure?
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Papillary muscles project from the trabeculae carneae
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How many cusps do the Aortic and Pulmonic valve have?
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3
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The LA consists of...
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Consists of main cavity and a left auricle. Interior of left atrium is smooth, but surface of left auricle is marked with muscular ridges due to underlying pectinate muscles
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Structurally, how does the LV differ from the RV?
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Walls are 3 times thicker than those of the right ventricle. Has well developed trabeculae carneae, 2 large papillary muscles, but no moderator band
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Tricuspid Valve
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Guards the right atrioventricular orifice. 3 cusps (anterior, septal, posterior), triangular in shape, continuous at base. Attached to fibrous ring surrounding orifice. Project into right ventricle, attached to papillary muscles by chordae tendineae
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What are the surface and auscultation landmarks for the Tricuspid valve?
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Behind right half of sternum, opposite fourth intercostal space. Over left half of lower end of body of sternum
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Mitral Valve
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Guards the left atrioventricular orifice. 2 cusps(anterior and posterior), attached to fibrous ring surrounding orifice - anterior cusp is larger than posterior
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What are the surface and auscultation landmarks for the Mitral Valve?
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Behind left half of sternum, opposite fourth costal cartilage. Behind left half of sternum, opposite fourth costal cartilage
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Pulmonic Valve
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Guards pulmonary orifice; lies at apex of the conus arteriosus. Consists of 3 semilunar valve cusps (anterior, right, left) that project into the pulmonary artery
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Pulmonary sinuses
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Dilation of the wall of the pulmonary trunk opposite each valve
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What are the surface and auscultation landmarks of the Pulmonic Valve?
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Behind medial end of 3rd left costal cartilage and adjoining part of sternum. Medial end of 2nd left intercostal space
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Aortic Valve
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Guards the aortic orifice. Consists of 3 cusps, thicker than pulmonary valve cusps
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Aortic Sinuses
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dilations of the wall of the aorta, larger than pulmonary sinuses
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What are the surface and auscultation landmarks for the Aortic Valve?
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Behind left half of sternum, opposite the 3rd intercostal space. Over the medial end of 2nd right intercostal space
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SA node
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Upper part of the crista terminalis near the opening of the superior vena cava into the right atrium
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AV nodes
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In lower part of atrial septum, immediately superior to the attachment of the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve;
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Bundle of His
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Specialized conducting muscle fibers (purkinje fibers) divide at the upper border of the muscular part of the septum into right and left branches to supply the ventricles (Bundle Branches)
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RCA
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Right coronary artery - arises from the anterior aortic sinus of ascending aorta, runs forward between the pulmonary trunk and right atrium , descends in the right atrio-ventricular groove and gives branches to the right atrium and right ventricle; anastomoses with the left coronary artery at the inferior border of the heart
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Which two vessels come off the RCA and what do they supply?
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Marginal branch supplies right ventricle. Posterior interventricular branch supplies both ventricles
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Left Coronary Artery
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Larger than the right, arising from the left posterior aortic sinus of ascending aorta, runs forward between the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle, enters atrioventricular groove
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Which two vessels come off the Left Coronary Artery and what do they supply?
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Anterior interventricular branch supplies anterior aspect of both ventricles, and passes around the apex of the heart to anastomose with the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery
Circumflex branch follows the atrioventricular groove, ultimately anastomoses with the right coronary artery; supplies the left atrium and ventricle |
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Venous drainage of the heart
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2/3 of the venous drainage of the heart via veins that accompany the coronary arteries, and empty into the Coronary Sinus, then right atrium. The rest of the blood drains via venae cordis minimae (small veins) directly into the cardiac chambers.
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Coronary Sinus
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Lies in the posterior atrioventricular groove; continuation of great cardiac vein. Opens into right atrium, near mouth of inferior vena cava
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Great Cardiac Vein
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Empties into the Coronary Sinus. accompanies LAD. Drains both ventricles, part of left atrium
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Middle Cardiac Vein
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Empties into the Coronary Sinus. In posterior interventricular groove. Drains posterior ventricular surface
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Small Cardiac Vein
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Drains into Coronary Sinus. Accompanies Marginal Artery. Drains posterior right atrium/ventricle
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Which three vessels drain into the Coronary Sinus?
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Great, Middle, and Small Cardiac Veins
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Anterior Cardiac Vein
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Anterior Cardiac Vein is located in the atrioventricular groove. It drains much of anterior surface of heart directly into the right atrium.
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SNS innervation of the heart.
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preganglionic in lateral horn of Spinal cord T1-T6. Postganglionic in cervical and upper thoracic ganglia. Increases HR and contractility
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PSNS innervation of the heart
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Preganglionic in nuclei of Vagus nerve. Postganglionic in cardiac plexus and walls of heart. Decreases HR and contractility.
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