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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sulci of heart
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Coronary sulcus: encircles the heart, divides atria from ventricles
Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci: separate the two ventricles |
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Surfaces of heart
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Right border: right atrium
Left border: left appendage or auricle and left ventricle Anterior surface: right ventricle Posterior surface: left atrium Uppermost: base Lower point: apex |
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Hepatic portal system
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Brings deoxygenated blood from gut to liver
IVC brings blood from liver to heart |
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Right coronary artery
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Flows to the coronary sulcus
Branches: SA node, marginal branch, posterior interventricular artery Vascularized part of the L ventricle and atrium in addition to R atrium and R ventricle |
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Left coronary artery
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AKA "left main"
Branches: Anterior interventricular artery Circumflex branch Marginal branch Vascularizes L atrium and L ventricle mostly |
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Coronary bypass graft (CABG)
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Surgical approach for revascularization
Veins or arteries from elsewhere in body grafted on coronary arteries to improve blood supply; attach to aorta and bypass defective regions Collateral circulation compensates Ex. internal thoracic or radial arteries used |
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Cardiac veins
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Great cardiac vein runs next to left anterior descending artery
Back of heart: middle and small cardiac veins All converge on coronary sinus (exception to rule that "coronary" means artery) |
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Venae cordis minimae
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Smallest veins of the heart
Drain into chambers directly |
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Features of R Atrium
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Pectinate muscles
Faint depression = fossa ovalis Crista terminalis: ridge on pectinate muscles Blood enters via SVC and IVC Tricuspid valve to right ventricle |
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Right ventricle
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Bordered by coronary sulcus and anterior interventricular artery
Trabeculae carneae Blood in: tricuspid Blood out: pulmonary valve - semilunar valve (also 3 cusps) |
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Tricuspid valve
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AV valve
3 cusps Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae prevent eversion |
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Pulmonary valve
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Semilunar valve
3 cusps Blood flows from RV to pulmonary circulation |
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Left atrium
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Other side of fossa ovalis
Blood in from lungs through pulmonary veins and mitral valve |
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Left ventricle
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Thicker wall compared to RV
Interventricular septum Trabeculae carnae |
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Mitral valve
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AKA bicuspid
2 cusps AV valve Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae |
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Atrioventricular valves
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Tricuspid (right)
Mitral (left) |
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Aortic valve
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Semilunar valve
Blood flows for LV to body |
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Left ventricular hypertrophy
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Non-tumorous increase in size of organ (no increase in cell number)
Gross thickening of myocardium LV hypertrophy most commonly caused by hypertension and aortic/mitral valvular disease |
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MI
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Caused by coronary artery atherosclerosis and thrombosis
Ischemia and necrosis typically in subendocardium; usually occurs 30 min after coronary artery occlusion Infarct = necrotic tissue May be transmural or subendocardial |
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Cardiac skeleton
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Dense, fibrous connective tissue in form of 4 rings
Maintains integrity of valves Provides attachment sites for cusps Electrically isolates atria from ventricles Separates atria from ventricles muscularly |
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Auscultory locations
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Valves are behind sternum, but sound carried by bloodflow to more peripheral locations
Pulmonary valve: left 2nd intercostal space lateral to sternum Tricuspid valve: Lower right sternum Aortic valve: right 2nd intercostal space lateral to sternum Mitral valve: left 5th intercostal space away from sternum |
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Valvular heart disease
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Stenosis = narrowing
Regurgitation = insufficiency (nodules don't come together properly) |
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Pacemaker of heart
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SA node
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Autonomic NS and heart
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Modifies heart rate
Modifies intrinsic ability to beat Cardiac plexus: collection of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves at bifurcation of trachea superior to heart Sends nerve fibers along coronary arteries to reach heart Modifies HR, force of contraction, and CO |
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Sympathetic nerves
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Come from sympathetic chain
Visceral motor fibers raise heart rate and and force of contraction Visceral sensory fibers convey cardiac pain |
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Parasympathetic
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Come from vagus nerve
Visceral motor fibers lower heart rate and force of contraction Visceral sensory fibers transmit cardiac reflexes (alterations in BP and blood chemistry) |
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Heart sounds
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Lub = closing of the AV valves
Dub = closing of semilunar valves |
