Thorax

Front 1

Thoracic Arteries arising from the Aorta (and what they supply)

Back 1

Posterior Intercostals (3rd-11th intercostal space)
and Subcostal Arteries (Inferior to 12th rib)

Front 2

Thoracic Arteries arising from the Subclavian Artery (and what they supply)

Back 2

Superior Intercostal (from costocervical trunk; supplies 1st & 2nd intercostal spaces)

Front 3

Where do the Anterior Intercostal Arteries arise from?

Back 3

Internal Thoracic Arteries

Front 4

Thoracic Arteries arising from the Axillary Artery?

Back 4

Lateral Thoracic Artery

Front 5

How many pairs of posterior Intercostal veins?

Back 5

11 pairs

Front 6

How many pairs of subcostal veins?

Back 6

1 pair

Front 7

Anterior Intercostal Veins are tributaries from which veins?

Back 7

Internal Thoracic Veins

Front 8

Azygos Veins are formed by the union of what veins?

Back 8

Lumbar veins

Front 9

Right Azygos Vein drains into?

Back 9

Superior Vena Cava

Front 10

The Left Hemiazygos and Left Accessory Hemiazygos azygos veings drains into?

Back 10

The Right Azygos Vein

Front 11

How many pairs of Thoracic Spinal Nerves?

Back 11

12 pairs

Front 12

The Anterior Rami of T1-T11 form?

Back 12

The Intercostal Nerves

Front 13

The Anterior Ramus of T12 forms?

Back 13

The Subcostal Nerve

Front 14

What makes up the Thoracic Outlet?

Back 14

The floor of the thoracic cavity (The Diaphragm)

Front 15

True/False: The Diaphragm surrounds half of visceral structures

Back 15

True

Front 16

Name the Thoracic Inlet Boundaries

Back 16

Anterior: Manubrium
Posterior: 1st Thoracic Vertebrae
Lateral: Right & Left 1st Ribs.

Front 17

Name the 3 major spaces of the thorax

Back 17

Mediastinum (central) compartment, right & Left lateral compartments

Front 18

What are the functions of the Thorax

Back 18

Protect, Resist negative internal pressure, provide attachment/support for upper limbs

Front 19

Which ribs are true ribs?

Back 19

1st-7th

Front 20

What is a true rib?

Back 20

It attaches to sternum through own costal cartilage

Front 21

What is a False Rib?

Back 21

Costal cartilage is connected to rib above them

Front 22

Which ribs are False Ribs?

Back 22

8, 9, & 10

Front 23

What is a floating rib?

Back 23

A rib that is not connected to the Sternum

Front 24

Which ribs are floating ribs?

Back 24

11 & 12

Front 25

A typical rib includes what features?

Back 25

head, neck, body, tubercle & costal groove

Front 26

Which ribs are typical ribs?

Back 26

3rd-9th

Front 27

Which ribs are atypical ribs

Back 27

1st, 2nd, 10th, 11th, 12th

Front 28

Name the 3 parts of the sternum

Back 28

Manubrium, sternum, Xiphoid process

Front 29

Name the position of the Angle of Louis

Back 29

At 2nd costal cartilage

Front 30

Name the position of the Xiphoid Process

Back 30

At the T10

Front 31

The Xiphoid joint indicates the borders of what structures?

Back 31

Inferior Thoracic cavity
Superior Limit of Liver
Central Tendon of Diaphragm
Inferior Border of the Heart

Front 32

Describe what happens during Passive Expiration (including muscle actions, and intrathoracic volume/pressure changes)

Back 32

Muscle relaxes --> Decrease intrathoracic volume --> Increase intrathoracic pressure

Front 33

Describe what happens during an increase in vertical dimension (include diaphragm, air pressure, air movement)

Back 33

Contract diaphragm --> Diaphragm moves downward --> Increase Vertical Dimension --> Decrease Air Pressure in lungs --> Air moves out of lungs

Front 34

Above the clavicle, lymph drains into:

Back 34

The Inferior Jugular Lymph Nodes

Front 35

Below the clavicle, lymph drains into:

Back 35

Axillary lymph nodes

Front 36

Describe the orientation of the External Intercostal Muscles and their function

Back 36

Run Inferolaterally
Function: Elevate ribs during Forced inspiration

Front 37

Describe the orientation of the Internal Intercostal Muscles and their function

Back 37

Run Superioromedially; deep to External
Function: Depress ribs during Forced exhalation

Front 38

Most posterior Intercostal Veins end in what veins?

Back 38

Azygos Veins

Front 39

Where do Typical Intercostal Nerves run?

Back 39

Initially within endothoracic fascia then near the angle of the rib runs between internal and innermost intercostal muscles

Front 40

Which Intercostal Nerves are typical?

Back 40

3rd-6th

Front 41

Which intercostal nerves are Atypical?

Back 41

1st, 2nd, & 7th-11th.

Front 42

What condition involves an anterior chest wall deformity with concave depression, that affects boys more frequently than girls?

Back 42

Pectus Excavatum

Front 43

Pectus Excavatum is commonly caused by?

Back 43

Intrauterine Pressure on Chest wall during development, posterior retraction caused by abnormal diaphragm position, or abnormal CT production

Front 44

What condition is characterized by a protrusion of the sternum/costal cartilages which commonly affects boys?

Back 44

Pectus Carinatum

Front 45

Pectus Carinatum is commonly caused by?

Back 45

Abnormal anterior cartilage growth, abnormal sternal growth, biochem abnormalities, or CT disorders

Front 46

Pectinus Carinatum is commonly associated with what other disorders/diseases?

Back 46

Scioliosis & Congenital Heart Disease

Front 47

An unstable chest wall due to double rib fracture causing uncoupling of part of the chest wall from the ribs causing unopposed pleural pressure is a condition known as?

Back 47

Flail Chest

Front 48

What happens to the lung during inspiration/expiration in flail chest?

Back 48

Inspiration: lung collapses
Expiration: lung expands

Front 49

What condition involves structures in the superior inlet/outlet of the thorax becoming compressed and causing upper limb involvement?

Back 49

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Front 50

What is Extrapleural Intrathoracic Surgical Access and what it is used for?

Back 50

The Endothoracic fascia is separated to separate costal parietal peritoneum from thoracic wall.
Allows access to extraparitoneal structures like lymph nodes

Front 51

What ribs are most commonly fractured? What part of rib is most commonly fractured?

Back 51

Middle ribs
Weakest just anterior to angle

Front 52

A displacement of costal cartilage from the sternum is known as?

Back 52

Dislocation of Rib

Front 53

A displacement of rib from costal cartilage is known as?

Back 53

Separation of rib

Front 54

T/F: Sternum fractures are common

Back 54

False

Front 55

What is a Sternal Biopsy Used for?

Back 55

bone marrow needle biopsy for transplantation, detection of metastatic cancer, and blood abnormalities.

Front 56

Chronic Inflammation affecting the joints of the axial skeleton which can limit range of motion.

Back 56

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Front 57

A Herpes Zoster infection of the spinal ganglia resulting in dermatomal skin lesions w/ sharp burning pain & vesicular eruptions

Back 57

Shingles

Front 58

Layers of the thorax (superficial to deep)

Back 58

Skin --> superficial fascia --> external intercostal muscle --> internal intercostal muscle --> innermost intercostal muscle --> endothoracic fascia --> parietal pleura