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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the mediastinum in the thorax contain?
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It contains thoracic viscera, except lungs.
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What structures does the Superior Mediastinum contain?
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-thymus
-great vessels (Brachiocephalic v. Sup. Vena Cava Arch of the aorta Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid Left subclavian) -vagus and phrenic nerve -left recurrent laryngeal nerve -trachea -esophagus -prevertebral muscles |
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What 3 parts is the inferior mediastinum made of?
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1. anterior
2. middle 3. posterior mediastinum |
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What is in the middle mediastium?
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heart and great vessels
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What is in the posterior mediastinum?
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Thoracic (descending) aorta
Thoracic duct Lymph nodes Azygos & Hemiazygos veins Esophagus Esophageal plexus Thoracic sympathetic trunks & nerves |
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What are the lungs enclosed by?
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pleurae
parietal pleurae (highly innervated) visceral pleurae (detects volume) |
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What is pleurisy?
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inflammation of the pleura caused by an infection such as pneumonia
-it is pressure in the pleural cavity |
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What is pneumonthorax?
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piercing of thoracic wall allowing equalization of pressure between the pleural cavity and outside air causing the lung to collapse.
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what is pleural effusion?
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accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity increasing pressure and causing the lung to collapse
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What is the normal amount of fluid in pleural space?
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1 ml of fluid
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What is hemothorax?
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rupture of blood vessels and bleeding into the pleural space.
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What is hydrothorax?
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accumulation of tissue fluid from the pleura
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What is thoracentesis?
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removal of pleural fluid allowing the lungs to re-expand
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Where is the base of the lungs?
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it fits over the diaphragm
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Where is the apex of the lung?
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it extends into the root of the neck
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where does the costal surface lie?
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it lies against ribs
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where does the mediastinal surface of lungs face?
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faces heart
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What is the hilus (hilum)?
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entrance/exit
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what lobes make up the right lung?
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superior
middle inferior |
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what fissures make up the right lung?
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oblique
horizontal |
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what lobes and fissure make up the left lung?
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superior and inferior lobe
oblique fissure -cardiac notch |
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where does the trachea lead from and to?
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leads from larynx into bronchial tree
(starts at sternal angle and ends at T5) |
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What are the primary bronchi called and what do they serve?
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left and right bronchi
they serve the lungs |
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What do the secondary bronchus serve?
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serve a lobe
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what do type I cells do?
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they line the lungs
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what do type II cells do?
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they produce surfactan which decreases the surface pressure of the lungs
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what do fibroblasts do?
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help form connective tissue
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what covers the airway passages
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respiratory epithelium
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what does the respiratory epithelum do?
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it helps with movement of foreign particles up to epithelium so you can swallow and digest it
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what is the main muscle of respiration?
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diaphragm
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where are the openings in the diaphragm?
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IVC-T8
esophagus hiatus - T-10 aortic hiatus - T12 |
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What is the active process of inhaling?
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it is the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostals
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what are the muscles of inspiration?
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External intercostal m.
Innermost intercostal m. Diaphragm Scalenes m. SCM |
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what are the muscles of expiration?
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Passive - passive recoil of lungs & rib cage
Active - Internal intercostals m. Abdominal muscles |
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what are some clinical correlations?
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COPD
Emphysema Chronic bronchitis Asthma Pneumonia TB Lung cancer Cystic fibrosis |
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What does the azygos veins do?
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drains off intercostal veins of r. side
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What does the hemiazygos veins do?
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drain left side of intercostal veins
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what does the posterior mediastinum contain?
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-thoracic (descending) aorta
-thoracic duct -lymph nodes -azygos and hemiazygos veins -esophagus -esophageal plexus -thoracic sympathetic trunks and nerves |
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Describe the pleurae that encloses the lungs.
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-Parietal pleurae (highly innervated)
-Visceral pleurae (detects volume) -Internal pleurae space -Pleurae cavity |
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Describe the trachea
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Leads from larynx into bronchial tree
-starts at sternal angle and ends at T5 -C-shaped cartilage -allows esophageal expansion -carnia: keel shaped cartilage - cough reflex |
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What cartilage in the trachea is associated with the cough reflex?
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Carina cartilage
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Which bronchis is wider and shorter?
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Right bronchis
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What is tertiary bronchi?
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Segmental or lobular
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Terminal bronchioles
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extend into alveolar clusters
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Respiratory bronchioles
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extend directly into alveoli
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What part of ANS effects make it easier to take in oxygen?
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Sympathetic - bronchiodilator
(running from bear) |
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Parasympathetic system contains:
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bronchi constrictor
(don't need to be breathing actively because you are at rest) |
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where does gas exchange occur?
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Respiratory bronchioles
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what does the blood air barrier allow?
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fast exchange of respiratory gases
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Emphysema
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-causes the walls between the air sacs to stretch, become weak and break
-as sacs are destroyed there is less surface area available for gas exchange -lungs become enlarged and less efficient at moving air into the lungs and contaminants out |
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what protein is normally present in the lungs?
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alpha-1-antitrypsin
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Chronic bronchitis
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inflammation and scarring of the lung lining of the bronchioles
-causes excessive production of a thick mucus and swelling of the bronchial walls -airflow into/out of lungs is obstructed -with chronic bronchitis the mucus can't be cleared so increase rate of infection |
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asthma
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3-6% of population
-bronchi constriction: spasmodic constriction of fronchial smooth muscle that impedes air flow |
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pneumonia
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inflammation or infection of the lungs
-air sacs fill with pus, mucus and other liquid -oxygen can't reach the blood |
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TB
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– caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Can become dormant then active - a cycle that causes damage & spread Can spread to other organs & damage them Spread by coughing |
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cystic fibrosis
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chloride transport is abnormal
-exocrine cells secrete "thick" mucus in respiratory tract and pancreas -movement of mucus from airways by mucus escalator is impeded |
