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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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peptidoglycan structure
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sugar backbone with cross-linked peptide side chains
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what is the major surface antigen that induces immune/inflammatory responses on gram positive membranes? gram negative? what 2 chemicals do they induce?
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gram positive- teichoic acid (bacterial polysaccarhides linked with phosphodiester bonds)
gram-negative - lipid A (part of LPS, is polysaccharide) induce release of TNF-alpha and IL-1 |
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what is the periplasm and what can be contained there?
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is space between gram negative cell membrane and peptioglycan cell wall, area of beta-lactamases
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pilus/fimbria 2 fxns and composition
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proteoglycan
adherence, sex pilus during CONJUGATION |
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diplincolinic acid makes what?
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spore
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glycocalyx function and made of what
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mediates adherence to foreign surfaces (like catheters)
peptidoglycan |
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2 branching filamentous gram positives, which weakly acid-fast
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actinomyces
nocardia (weakly acid fast) |
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Mycobacteria lack what, have high levels of what (2) in cell walls
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lack peptioglycan cell walls,
have mycolic acid and high lipid content |
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mycoplasma have what component in cell membranes?
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sterols
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6 bugs that do not gram stain
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chlamydia, rickettsia (obligate intracellular)
mycobacteria (high lipid content) mycoplasma (no cell wall) treponema legionella (must use silver stain) "These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color" |
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Giemsa stains for (5)
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trypanosoma
chlmydia borrelia plasmodium Histoplasma "Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience Hard" |
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PAS stains for what?
see what 2 conditions |
stains glycogen and mucopolysaccharides
tropheryma wipperelii alpha-1 antitrypsin |
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Ziehl-Neelsen stains for
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acid fast organisms
mycobacteria nocardia (weakly acid-fast) |
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cryptococcus seen on (2)
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mucicarmine
india ink |
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2 infectious agents seen on silver stain
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fungi
legionella |
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bacteria grown on:
chocolate agar with hematin and NAD+ |
H. flu
heamophilus- loves blood (factors V and X) -also will grow when staph aureus applied |
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bacteria grown on:
Vanc, Polymixins, Nystatin |
N. gonorrhea
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potato agar grows (Bordet Gengou)
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Bordetella pertussis
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eaton's agar
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Mycobacteria pneumoniae
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eosin-methylene blue agar that has black colonies producing metallic sheen
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E. Coli
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charcoal yeast with cysteine grows what
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legionella
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sarabourand's agar grows
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fungi
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4 obligate aerobes
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nocardia
pseudomonas M. tuberculosis bacillus |
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Anaerobic bacteria (3)
lack what? why smell bad? usually produce what? |
actinomyces
clostridium bacterioides lack superoxide dismutase/catalase smell bad- produce short chain fatty acids usually produce gases (C02, H2) |
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2 obligate intracellular bugs
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chlamydia, rickettsia
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facultative intracellular bugs (8)
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salmonella, listeria, mycobacterium, legionella, neisseria, yersenia pestis, brucella, franciella
"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY" |
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encapsulated bacteria (8)
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salmonella
neisseria meningitidis strep. pneumo klebsiella H. flu group B strep E. coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa "Even Some Pretty Killers Have Nice Shiny Bodies" |
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urease positive bugs (8)
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ureaplasma
H. pylori klebsiella proteus S. epidermidis S. saprophyticus Cryptococcys "CHuck norris hates PUNKSS" |
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bugs from colors:
-yellow granules -red pigment -yellow pigment -green-blue pigment |
yellow granules- Actinomyces israelii "Israel has yellow sand"
red pigment- serratia marcescens "red maraschino cherries" yellow pigment- staph. aureus "Au=gold" green-blue - pseudomonas aeruginosa "auerula is green" and "pseudomonas likes water" |
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Which bacteria has Protein A to avoid phagocytosis?
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staph aureus
binds Fc receptors of Ig |
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what bugs have IgA protease
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Neiserria Meningitidis, Strep Pneumo, H. Flu type B
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what bacteria has M protein, function?
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Group A strep (to prevent phagocytosis)
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exo vs. endotoxin
structure heat stability antigenicity location of genes |
exotoxin
-polypeptide -rapidly degraded at 60 degrees (except staph enterotoxin) -plasmid or bacteriophage endotoxin -lipopolysaccharide (released when cell lyses) -stable at 100 degrees celcius for 1 hour -on chromosome |
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Bacterial superantigen mechanism, 2 examples
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binds MHC II and T cell receptor simultaneously, causing huge release of IL-2 and interferon-gamma
TSST-1 (staph aureus) Erythrogenic toxin (strep pyogenes) |
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name 4 bacteria with ADP ribosylating AB toxins
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Cornybacterium pertussis
- B toxin lets in, A toxin binds elongation factor 2 (like pseudomonas), produces necrosis and pseudomembrane over pharynx Vibrio Cholera -ADP ribosylates G protein, increases cAMP and causes Cl- movement into the lumen (causing gushing diarrhea) E Coli -has heat labile toxin stimulating cAMP, heat stabile toxin stimulating cGMP. both produce watery diarrhea Bordetella Pertusis -increases cAMP by Galpha i. causes lymphocytosis by inhibits chemokine receptor. causes "whooping cough" |
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Clostridium perfiringes toxin
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alpha toxin that is a lechithinase that causes cell membrane disruption, gas gangrene
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what bacteria produces a double layer of hemolysis on blood agar?
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clostridium perfiringes
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Clostridium tetani toxin mechanism
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blocks inhibitory release of GABA and glycine
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Clostridium botulinum toxin mechanism
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blocks acetylcholine release from preseynaptic terminals
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bacillus anthracis toxins
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edema factor- is an adenylate cyclase
lethal factor - necrosis |
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4 adenylate cyclase toxin-producing bacteria
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bordetella pertusis - A toxin diables Gi, causing cAMP increase and pertussis
E. Coli (ETEC) - heat labile toxin activates cAMP Vibrio Cholera - activates cAMP via Gs bacillus anthracis- edema factor (a cAMP) |
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Endotoxin activates 3 processes, what are they?
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macrophages - TNF-alpha, IL-1, NO (shock)
Complement (alternative pathway, C3 activated) -C3a (hypotension and edema) -C5a (neutrophil chemotaxis) Hageman Factor -DIC |
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Transformation? what bacteria known for doing this?
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taking up DNA from environment
SHiN strep pneumo Haemophilus influenza Neisseria |
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Conjugation, 2 types
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transfer of DNA by bacterial direct pilus transfer
F+X F- = plasmid transferred Hfr X F- = plasmid integrated into DNA, transfer of plasmid and chromosomal genes |
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Transduction, 2 types
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Generalized- lytic bacteriophage infects bacterium, causes some bacterial DNA uptake and DNA infects another cell
Specialized transduction- lysogenic phage excises DNA, takes some flanking bacterial DNA with it, causes transduction of DNA to another bacteria |
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5 special transduction toxins (bacteria receive toxin via lysogenic phage)
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ShigA-like toxin (0157:H7)
Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Diptheria toxin Erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus pyogenese ABCDE |
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Examples of Catalase-Positive Organisms
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PLACESS for your cats
Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E. coli S. aureus Serratia |
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Spore Forming Gm + bacteria found in soil
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Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium perfringes C. tetani |
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Other spore formers
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B. cereus
C. botulinum Coxiella burnetii |
