Thomas Day 9 Dit

Front 1

2 conditions with cafe-au-lait spots

Back 1

McCune Albright syndrome (polyostotic fibrous dysplasia- precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait, fibrous bone marrow, short stature)

NF1

NF1

Front 2

3 conditions that can cause post. cervical lymphadenopathy

Back 2

cat scratch fever
EBV mono
acute otitis media

Front 3

somatostatin inhibits what HPI hormones (2)

Back 3

GH, TSH

Front 4

what stimulates prolactin secretion?

Back 4

TRH

Front 5

metoclopramide mech and side effect

Back 5

dopamine antagonist for antiemetic

can cause hyperprolactinemia

Front 6

4 causes of pancreatitis

Back 6

alcohol
gallstones
high TGs
hypercalcemia (ex. hyperparathyroidism)

Front 7

3 causes of depression

Back 7

major depressive disorder
hypothyroidism
hyperparathyroidism

Front 8

shortened 4th and 5th digits, high PTH but low calcium is what? inheritance?

Back 8

Hereditary Albright pseudohyperparathyroidism (kidneys dont respond to PTH)

AD inheritance!

Front 9

in thyroid, enlarged epithelial cells with excessive eosinophilic granulear cyotplasm is?

Back 9

Hurtle cell of Hashimoto's

Front 10

rock-like thyroid is

Back 10

Riedel's thyroiditis

Front 11

what is treatment of choice for thyroid strom

Back 11

beta blocker

Front 12

what HIV drug can cause aplastic anemia?

Back 12

Zidovudine (AZT)

Front 13

propthiouracil, methimazole
2 side effects?
which safer for pregnancy?

Back 13

aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis

propothiouracil safe for pregnancy

Front 14

which thyroid cancer is associated with a RAS mutation?

Back 14

Follicular

Front 15

what thyroid cancer presents as sheets of cells with amyloid

Back 15

medullary (because calcitonin buildup forms amyloid)

Front 16

which thyroid cancer is associated with activation of a tyrosine kinase receptor?

Back 16

papillary thyroid cancer
AND
medullary thyroid cancer

Front 17

which thyroid cancer is associated with the serine/threonine kinase mutation in BRAF?

Back 17

papillary thyroid cancer

Front 18

adrenal gland drainage

Back 18

left drains to left renal vein, just like gonadal vein drainage

Front 19

desmolase function

Back 19

converts cholesterol to pregnenolone (first step in adrenal hormone synthesis, stimulated by ACTH and inhibited by ketoconazole)

Front 20

angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone converion how

Back 20

stimulates last step, aldosterone synthase

Front 21

3 hormones that cause gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis

Back 21

epi
glucagon
cortisol

Front 22

how do glucocorticoids suppress inflammation?

Back 22

inhibit phopholipase A2, which inhibits COX 2 and prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Front 23

2 drugs used to treat hyperaldosteronism

Back 23

spironolactone, eplerenone (aldosterone antagonists)

Front 24

pheochromocytoma rule of 10s

Back 24

10% malignant
10% calcify
10% bilateral
10% extraadrenal
10% kids
10% familial

Front 25

pheochromocytoma can be associated with what non-catecholamine hormone, what other disorder

Back 25

epo

DM (because counterregulatory substance epi breaks down glycogen, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis)

Front 26

what adrenal tumor has homer-wright pseudorosettes?

Back 26

neuroblastoma

Front 27

what is inheritance of MEN syndromes?

Back 27

autosomal dominant

Front 28

which glucose transporter is insulin dependent

Back 28

GLUT-4 (adipose and muscles)

Front 29

which cells are sensitive to sorbitol osmotic damage in diabetes (4)? why?

Back 29

schwann cells
lens
kidney
retina

because have aldose reductase to make sorbitol, but don't have sorbitol dehydrogenase to make fructose

Front 30

Type 1 diabetes HLA associations

Back 30

need 3-4 doctors to diagnose type 1 diabetes

DR3 and DR4

Front 31

kaussmal's sign vs. kaussmal respirations

Back 31

kaussmal's sign- increase in JVD with inspiration, seen in pericarditis

kaussmal's resipirations- fast deep respirations seen in DKA

Front 32

2 differences between DKA and hyperglycemic hyperosmotic syndrome

Back 32

hyperglycemic hyperosmotic syndrome:

-don't have acidosis (so no kausmall respirations)
-don't have ketones (just very high sugar)

Front 33

tolbutamide
chlorpropamide

are examples of what?

Back 33

first generation sulfonylureas

side effect disulfiram like rxn

(2nd gen is glyburide, etc.)

Front 34

glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride drug class

Back 34

sulfonylureas (secretagogues)

Front 35

what is metformin's main side effect and 4 populations it is contraindicated in

Back 35

lactic acidosis

CHF
renal disease
liver disease
IV contrast

Front 36

2 DM drugs that have hepatotoxicity, and are contraindicated in CHF

Back 36

metformin

glitazones (cause edema and can exacerbate CHF)

Front 37

acarbose, miglitol mech

Back 37

inhibit alpha glucosidase at brush border (for postprandial hyperglycemia, can cause GI distress)

Front 38

pramlintide mech

Back 38

diabetes analog of amylin (secreted with insulin) that causes decreased glucagon release and slower gastric emptying

Front 39

Sitagliptin mech, toxicity

Back 39

GLP-1 analog that increases insulin, decreases glucagon, and decreases gastric emptying

pancreatitis

Front 40

Exantide mech, toxicity

Back 40

GLP-1 analog (from Gila Monsters!) the increases insulin release, decreases glucagon release, and decreases gastric emptying

pancreatitis

Front 41

which diabetic drug is commonly used in overweight pts because it does not cause weight gain?

Back 41

metformin

Front 42

good diabetic drug in those with renal failure

Back 42

glitazones

Front 43

3 main side effects of insulin therapy

Back 43

hypoglycemia
weight gain
lipodystrophy

Front 44

demeclocycline mechanism

Back 44

ADH antagonist

Front 45

why is there only right sided heart disease in carcinoid tumors?

Back 45

pulmonary MAO degrades serotonin before it gets to left side

Front 46

incoordination, hoarsness/ loss of gag reflex, ipso face pain and temp loss, contra body pain and temp loss is?

Back 46

PICA
Lateral Medullary syndrome

Wallenberg syndrome

Front 47

histones positive because of

Back 47

lysine and arginine in them (make ionic bonds with phosphorus of DNA)

Front 48

which amino acids are necessary for purine synthesis?

prymidines?

Back 48

eating purina makes you gag

glycine
aspartate
glutamine

pyrimidines:
glutamine
aspartate
C02

need tetrahydrofolate for both

Front 49

increasing the g-c bond content increases what point

Back 49

the melting point of the DNA strand

Front 50

orotic acid in urine without hyperammonemia is what?

Back 50

Orotic aciduria (problem in purine synthesis)

if ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency, would have hyperammonemia because its in urea cycle

Front 51

pt with failure to thrive, megaloblastic anemia, and and orotic acid, how treat megaloblastic anemia?

Back 51

Orotic aciduria (AR)

must give URIDINE (B12 and folate WILL NOT HELP)

Front 52

what reaction is catalyzed by xanthine oxidase?

Back 52

hypoxanthine and guanine to xanthine

(xanthine then goes to uric acid)

Front 53

what are the reactants and products of SCID deficiency

Back 53

Adenosine--> inosine
(adenosine deaminase)

Front 54

what are the two substrates of Lesch-Nyhan deficiency rxn?

Back 54

hypoxanthine and guanine going to IMP and GMP, respectively

Front 55

what prokaryotic DNA polymerase has 5-> 3 and 3-> 5 exonuclease activity?

Back 55

DNA pol 3 (creates lagging and leading strands, can back up and remove nucleotides)

Front 56

what prokaryotic DNA polymerase only has 5-> 3 exonuclease activity?

Back 56

DNA pol 1

(only 1 function, to strip out RNA primer and replace it with DNA)

Front 57

what eukaryotic protein has reverse transcriptase activity

Back 57

telomerase (RNA dependent RNA primer)

Front 58

what are the functions of the following eukaryotic DNA polymerases?
alpha
beta
gamma
delta
episilon

Back 58

alpha- lagging strand
beta and epsilon- repair
gamma- mitochondrial DNA
delta- leading strand

Front 59

what is a disease associated with:
Nucleotide exicsion repair?
Mismatch repair?
Double stranded DNA break repair?

Back 59

Nucleotide excision repair- xenderma pigmentosum (thymidine dimers)

Mismatch repair- HNPCC

Double Stranded DNA break repair- BRCA 1&2

Front 60

young pt with ataxia, recurrent infections, and nonsmooth pursuit of movement in eyes should avoid what?

Back 60

Ataxia-Telangectasia

will get telangectasias at about 5

needs to avoid ionizing radiation

Front 61

base excision repair is cut at what site

Back 61

a pyrimidine site

Front 62

what type of RNA is:
most abundant
smallest
longest

Back 62

most abundant- rRNA
smallest- tRNA
longest- mRNA

Front 63

3 stop codons

Back 63

UAA
UGA
UAG

Front 64

what does AUG code for in eukaryotes?
prokaryotes?

Back 64

eukaryotes- methionine

prokaryotes- formyl-methionine

Front 65

where are 2 promoter regions in DNA and what do they bind?

Back 65

-25 (TATA box)
-75 (CAAT box)

TFs bind here

Front 66

helix-loop-helix
helix-turn-helix
zinc fingers
leucine zippers
all examples of

Back 66

Transcription Factor Binding Motifs

Front 67

what binds at the operator region and what is it

Back 67

inducers or supressors bind there

between the promoter and transcription initiation site

Front 68

binding to what region can start/inhibit transcription? binding to what region can speed up or slow down transcription?

Back 68

operator region- inducers/repressors

enhancer/silencer (repressor) regions- speed up or slow down speed of transcription

Front 69

do promoter region mutations usually increase or decrease amount of gene transcribed?

Back 69

usually highly decrease

Front 70

2 things that need to happen for the LAC operon to work

Back 70

CAP transcription factor is inducer, and presence of lactose pulls off repressor in operator region

Front 71

where are rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA synthesized?

Back 71

rRNA in nucleolus, mRNA and tRNA in nucleoplasm

Front 72

alpha amanitin of death cap mushroom inhibits

Back 72

RNA pol II

Front 73

Eukaryotes:
which RNAs make rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA?

Prokaryotes?

Back 73

RNAs correspond to how they are used

RNA pol 1- rRNA
RNA pol 2- mRNA
RNA pol 3- tRNA

for Prokaryotes, only 1 RNA pol

Front 74

2 ways to stop prokaryotic transcription

Back 74

rho factor

GC region that causes loop, followed by uracil region

Front 75

what is at 3' end of tRNA?

Back 75

CCA

with highly modified cases for aminoacyl-tRNA binding

Front 76

what antibiotic class inhibits attachment of aminoacyl tRNA to ribosomal 30S subunit?

Back 76

Tetracyclines

Front 77

what enzyme scrutinizes the amino acid before binding it to the tRNA?

Back 77

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

once bond is formed, has energy for peptide bond formation

Front 78

what is only ribosomal species that has thymidine

Back 78

tRNA

Front 79

where are ribosomes synthesized?

Back 79

nucleus, then transported out into cytoplasm

Front 80

what antibiotic inhibits formation of ribosomal complex by blocking 30S subunit?

Back 80

aminoglycosides

(remember only aminoglycosides and tetracylines work at 30S)

Front 81

2 antibiotics that inhibit 50s peptidyltranferase

Back 81

inhibit peptidyltransferase (ribozyme)

chloramphenicol
streptogramins

Front 82

3 antibiotics that inhibit 50S translocation

Back 82

clindamycin
macrolides
linezolid

Front 83

what enzyme catalyzes peptide bond formation during protein synethesis

Back 83

peptidyltransferase (ribozyme)