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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nerves that conduct:
erection emission ejaculation |
erection- parasympathetic (pelvic nerve)
NO erects NE flaccidifies emission (symp) - hypogastric ejaculation (somatic and visceral nerves) - pudendal |
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if stop spermatogenesis at Meiosis 1, will accumulate what sperm stage? Meiosis 2?
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Meiosis 1- will accumulate primary spermatocytes (have crossed blood testis barrier, but can't divide)
Meiosis 2- will accumulated secondary spermatocytes (cant go to spermatids) |
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what is growth complication of exogenous testosterone? lipid complication?
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can close epiphyseal plates (by peripheral conversion to estrogen)
causes increased LDL, decreased HDL |
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ketoconazole vs spironolactone mech for use against hirsutism
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ketoconazole- inhibits steroid synthesis (by inhibiting desmloase)
spironolactone- inhibits steroid binding |
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what lab must be corrected if using 5-alpha reductase inhibitors?
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it reduces PSA levels by about 50%, so must double the PSA level to get actual value
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if have increase in total PSA but decrease in fraction of free PSA, indicates
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prostatic adenocarcinoma
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prostatis/epididymitis treatment if under 35? if over 35?
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under 35, think gonorrhea/chlamydia - ceftriaxone
if over 35, think GI bug (e.coli, klebsiella, serratia, etc.) - fluoroquinolone or TMP-SMX |
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torsion vs. epididymitis:
which will have some relief if you support the scrotom? |
epiditimitis
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what testicular tumor can present with gynecomastia in men
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Leydig cell tumor (can also present as precocious puberty in boys)
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testicular tumor(s) that can have elevated AFP
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yolk sac, embryonal tumor
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testicular tumors that can present with elevated bHCG
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choriocarcinoma, embryonal
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most common testicular tumor in kids under 3
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yolk sac tumor
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most common testicular tumor in men over 60
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testicular lymphoma
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testicular tumor with alveolar or tubular appearance with papillary projections
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embryonal tumor
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what testicular tumor has glomeruli-looking structures
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yolk sac (schiller-duval bodies), (both yolk and glomeruli are in a sac)
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testicular tumor with cytoplasmic crystals
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Leydig cell tumor
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what testicular tumor has fried egg appearance?
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Seminoma (like oligodendrocytes, koilocytes)
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varicoele vs. hydrocele vs. spermatocele
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varicocele- dilation of pampiniform plexus (bag of worms)
hydrocele- fluid accumulation from incomplete closure of processus vaginalis spermatocele- dilation of epididymal duct |
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gray, crusty plaque on penis is? risk of
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bowen's disease
can progress to ssc (<10%) |
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sildenafil side effecs
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headache
flushing dyspepsia blue-green color blindness (no blue-green color for little blue pill) hypotension with nitrates |
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how treat lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
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amiloride and HCTZ
(amiloride works at same channels as lithium, inhibits it) |
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metoclopramide mech, use, side effect
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inhibits D2 receptors
gastroparesis parkinsonian symptoms |
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cyclin function?
how is it degraded? |
cyclins bind to CDKs, they active and the complex phosphorylates proteins to drive cell cycle
degraded by ubiquitin protein ligase |
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what is cyclin D pathway in G1-->S that allows replication?
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cyclin D--> cyclinD:CDK4 complex dissociates Rb from E2F
E2f unbound, and cell components become available for replication |
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what is cyclin E function?
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activates CDK2 to allow G1--> S phase
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what is cyclin B function?
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binds to CDK2, causes progression to meoitic prophase
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what is cyclin A function?
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binds to CDK1, causes nuclear lamin degredation (nuclear envelope degredation)
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p53 and Rb inhibit at what point(s)?
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Rb- G1--> S
p53- G1-->S and G2-->M |
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what is required for transport of nuclear proteins into and out of the nucleaus?
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Nuclear localization sequence
4-8 AAs rich in lysine, proline, arginine (+ charges) that are recognized by nuclear pore and transported in/out by ATPase -ex. are histones |
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what are Nissl bodies and where are they located?
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they are RER located in DENDRITES of neurons
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where are substances synthesized that will be secreted out of the cell? intracellular substance and organellar proteins?
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RER- where stuff secreted out of cell is made (mucus, abs, etc)
free ribosomes- where cytosolic and organellar proteins are made |
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what are heat shock proteins?
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chaperones that help "rescue" heat stressed proteins and try to keep them from unfolding
if proteins do become misfolded, heat shock proteins ubiquinate them for degredation (ubiquitin is also a heat shock protein) |
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2 smooth ER functions
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steroid synthesis (ex in adrenal medulla)
drug detoxification (hepatocytes) |
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The Golgi adds sugars to what proteins?
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N-oligosaccharide to Asparagine
O-oligosaccharide to Serine and Threonine |
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where is mannose-6-phosphate added to proteins
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in golgi
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sulfation of sugars and tyrosine occurs where
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in golgi
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COPI and COPII
which is retrograde transport, anterograde |
COPI- 1st generation cops are retro (golgi--> ER)
COPII- 2nd generation cops are forward thinking (RER--> golgi) |
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what protein regulates receptor-mediated endocytosis, what is its destination, and what is an example
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clathrin (also mediated trans golgi secretion to lysosome)
molecule binds receptor on membrane, adaptin binds receptor and clathrin, vesicle made, clathrin comes off while vesicle goes to endosome for lysosomal fusion and degredation of cargo carrier components ex. LDL uptake for cholesterol |
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microtubule subunit structure
3 fxns |
subunit- alpha and beta tubulin with 2 GTP bound
cilia/flagella (with dynein/kinesin motors for movement) mitotic spindles neuronal transport (dynein and kinesin motors) |
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where do dynein arms bind?
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bind to a peripheral doublet of the 9 outside doublets in the ciliary 9+2 arrangement of microtubules. link doublets for ciliary movement (defect is kartageners)
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what stains are used for each intermediate filament type?
vimentin desmin GFAP neurofilaments peripherin |
vimentin- connective tissue
desmin- cytokeratin GFAP- neuroglia neurofilaments- neurons peripherin- neurons |
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microvilli and adherens junctions are both composed of
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actin
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3 pathways corticosteroids inhibit?
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inhibit phospholipase A2 (arachadonic acid pathway)
inhibit collagen synthesis inhibit apoptosis |
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what are the functions of the cyclooxygenase products?
Prostacyclins (3) Prostaglandins (4) Thromboxane A2 (2) |
Prostacyclins (PGI2)- vasodilate, decrease platelet aggregation, decrease uterine tone
prostaglandins (PGE2)- vasodilate, increase pain, increase temp, increase uterine tone (this is why NSAIDs work as tocolytics) Thromboxane A2- vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation |
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what are lipoxygenase product fxns?
what drug blocks the enzyme? what drug blocks production of products? |
LTB4- PMN chemotaxis
others- bronchocontstriction lipooxygenase inhibitor - Zileuton (e for enzyme) block bronchoconstrictive leukotriene products- zafirlukast and monetleukast |
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what is starting material for phospholipase A2, product, and what inhibits it
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starting product- phophatidylinositol
end product- arachadonic acid inhibited by corticosteroids |
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Tyrosine Kinase receptors:
what is first step after ligand binding? 2 transmembrane unit compositions, which do insulin/IGF-1 use? |
autophosphorylation of self to activate downstream effects
growth factors- 1 pass transmembrane protein Insulin and IGF-1- have 2 alpha units that bind ligand, 2 beta units that autophosphorylate each other |
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downstream pathways used by tyrosine kinase receptors
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RAS pathway
phospholipase C pathway |
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cartilege type pneumonic
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Strong, Slippery, Bloody BM
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collagen synthesis:
what parts take place in: RER ER outside |
RER- glycine-X-Y formation
ER- hydroxylation (vit. C), glycosylation (of lysine residues) outside- cleavage (to tropocollagen), crosslinking (of lysine-hydroxylysine) |
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osteogenesis imperfecta:
Ryan probably has problems with what? what is probably misformed? |
hearing (abnormal middle ear bones, always close to us when talking)
teeth (abnormal dentin, didn't see much of his teeth) |
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Alport pneumonic
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type IV collagen defect
"Can't see, can't pee, can't hear" nephritis, hearing problems, ocular problems |
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elastin is rich in what AAs
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proline and glycine
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what type of collagen is found in cornea, fascia, and late wound repair?
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type 1
(also found in dentin, bone, tendon, skin) |
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Intrinsic apoptosis pathway is regulated by what protein?
when it is lost, what protein is released, and activates what caspase? |
bcl-2 resides on mitochondrial membrane and regulates apoptosis
in stress, bcl-2 is replaced by other proteins, cytochrome c is released and activates CASPASE 9 |
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what are 2 components to caspases represented in its name?
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has a Cysteine protease that cleaves after ASPartic acid residues
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what is signal for extrinsic apoptosis? what is caspase involved?
what is function of FLIP? |
Fas binds to Fas-Ligand, 3 or more make death domain that cleaves procaspase 8 to CASPASE 8
flip inhibits cleavage of procaspase 8 (antiapoptotic) |
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pleural effusions cause what type of necrosis
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liquefactive
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liver and kidney produce what type of necrosis
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coagulative
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is nuclear chromatin clumping reversible or irreversible change?
ribosomal detachment? |
both reversible
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is nuclear basophilia (pyknosis) reversible or irreversible?
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irreversible (apoptosis)
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meissner's corpuscle fxn?
pacinian corpuscle function? merkels disk? Adelta fibers? C fibers |
meissner's- dynamic touch
pacinian- pressure and vibration merkels- static touch (in hair follicles) Adelta fibers- pricking pain, cold C fibers- burning/dull pain/itch, warmth |
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what is your main inhibitory transmitter in the brain?
in the spinal cord/PNS? |
brain- GABA (from glutamine)
spinal cord/PNS- glycine |
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what hypothalamic nuclei regulate cooling and parasympathetic (2)?
heating and sympathetic? stimulates hunger? releases hormones affecting anterior pituitary? |
cooling/parasympathetic- anterior and preoptic
heating and sympathetic- posterior and lateral hunger- lateral ant. pituitary release- preoptic |
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what hypothalamic nucleus stimulates savage behavior and obesity?
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dorsomedial
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leptin inhibits which hypothalamic nuclei?
stimulates which? |
inhibits lateral
stimulates ventromedial |
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in cerebellum, dentate nucleus is most lateral or medial?
fastigial is most lateral or medial? |
dentate most lateral
fastigial most medial |
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which cerebellar peduncle is output?
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superior cerebellar peduncle
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label from medial to lateral the cerebellar regions:
spinocerebellar vestibulocerebellar cerebrocerebellar |
just as they are, from medial to lateral
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chronic alcohol affects what part of cerebellum?
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anterior portion of vermis
(causes a broad-based, staggering gait) |
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2 most common places of hypertensive stroke
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Thalamus and basal ganglia
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label which parts of basal ganglia are inhibitory or promovement:
globus pallidus external segment globus pallidus internal segment subthalamic nucleus thalamus |
globus pallidus external segment- + (inhibits globus pallidus internal segment and subthalamic nucleus)
globus pallidus internal segment- (-) (inhibits thalamus) subthalamic nucleus- (-) (inhibits thalamus) thalamus- + (promovement) |
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how does substantia nigra pars compacta influence the direct and indirect pathways of striatum
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stimulates direct (excitatory) pathway
inhibits indirect (inhibitory) pathway striatum is caudate and putamen |
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Wilson's disease can cause parkinsonian'like symptoms because of copper damage in what brain region
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putamen
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2 COMT inhibitors
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entacapone
tolcapone for parkinsons |
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deep brain stimulation for parkinsons affects what structure?
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subthalamic nucleus
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huntington's CAG pneumonic
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Caudate loses ACh and GABA
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what causes a pure motor lesion?
a pure sensory lesion? |
pure motor- posterior limb of the internal capsule
pure sensory- VPL or VPM of thalamus |
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lesion of not being able to write, calculate, distinguish fingers on the hand, know left from right indicates lesion where
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left parietal lobe
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top 4 adult brain tumors
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metastases
glioblastoma multiforme meningioma schwannoma |
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brain tumor with spindle cells that have psammoma bodies, arises from what cell type?
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Meningioma- arises from arachnoid cells
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a frontal lobe tumor with possible calcification?
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oligodendrocytes (will have "chicken wire" "fried egg" appearance on histo)
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brain tumor with small blue cells and rosette
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medulloblastoma
(if it was in kindey, rosette would indicate neuroblastoma, also a PNET tumor) |
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which brain tumor associated with APC gene
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medulloblastoma (Turcot Syndrome, will have colon cancer too)
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which brain tumor has perivascular pseudorosette?
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ependymoma
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most common childhood supratentorial tumor
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craniopharyngeoma (can be calcified)
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what antineoplastic drug class best for brain tumors
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nitrosoureas
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brain tumor with foamy cells
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hemangioblastoma
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