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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Intelligence

Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations

Factor Analysis

Statistical procedure conducted to identify clusters or groups of related items called factors on a test

Reification

Viewing something abstract as real

Savant Syndrome

Syndrome where someone has limited mental ability but has an exceptional specific skill

Autism

Neurological disorder where individual has a lack of social interaction, communication, and common behaviours

Spearman's General Intelligence

2 factors:


G Factor: general ability


S Factor: specific ability

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

9 intelligences (visual, spatial, verbal, logical/mathematical, kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

Sternberg's Triarchy Theory

Analytical, Creative, and street smarts

Emotional intelligence

Ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Alfred Binet

French psychologist who was the inventor of the first usable intelligence test

Aptitude test

Test intended to predict your ability to learn a new skill and emphasize innate ability

Achievement test

Intended to reflect what you have already learned.

Standardization

Consistency and objectivity of how tests are administered and scored

Reliabilty

The extent to which a test is consistent in its measures

Validity

How well a test measures what it is intended to measure

Content Validity

How well a test represents the facets of a construct

Percentile System

A ranking of test scores that indicates the ratio of scores lower and higher than a given score

Flynn effect

The fact that test scores have risen steadily on average over the last 60 years

Down syndrome

When a person has an extra 21st chromosome, causing them to be cognitively disabled

Stereotype threat

Self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Personality/projective tests

Tests that aim to predict how well a test-taker will perform in a given situation

TAT test

Projective test that involves 20 cards containing pictures of suggestive situations, subject is asked to tell a story about a picture

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

Used to identify emotional disorders

CPI (California Public Inventory)

434 true-false questions that measure personality and behaviour

Myers-Briggs test

A questionnaire that measures psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Inkblots are shown and subjects are asked what they see, test states that what they see reflects inner feelings and conflicts

Cognitive Psychologists

People who study how we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgements

Concepts

Mental categories used to organize events and objects

Prototype

A model of a concept (to typify members within a particular category)

Convergent thinking

Logical attempt to reach a goal, such as a solution to a problem

Divergent thinking

Free flow of thoughts with no plan and depends more on images

Metacognition

The awareness of one's own cognitive processes

Algorithm

A set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem

Heuristics

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to make judgements and solve problems

Representative heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular category

Availability heuristic

Rule-of--thumb that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory

Anchoring heuristic

Making decisions based on certain ideas or standards

Recombination

Mentally rearranging the elements of a problem to arrive at an original solution

Insight

A sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem

Realization

When insight strikes, activating the right temporal cortex

Confirmation bias

Tendency to search for info confirming ones own notions

Fixation

Inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

Mental set

Tendency to approach situations the same way because that worked in the past

Functional fixedness

Inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects

Overconfidence

Overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Belief perseverance phenomenon

When someone beliefs continue despite being discredited

Belief bias

When people use their beliefs, rather than logic, to answer a question

Framing decision

The way an issue is proposed and how it affects decisions and judgements

Phoneme

Smallest units of sound in human language, such as consonants and vowels

Morphene

Smallest unit of meaning in a given language, such as prefix or suffix

Semantics

Study of meanings through the relationship of words, how they are used, and how they are said

Syntax

Rules that specify how words should be ordered in a sentence to make the sentence meaningful

Telegraphic speech

Before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two-word sentences