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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thermodynamics
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The science that explains and predicts how much energy we may extract and how efficently we may do it for a particular situation.
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The science that explains and predicts how much energy we may extract and how efficently we may do it for a particular situation.
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Thermodynamic
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Heat Engine
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Atmospheric engine; because a vacum and atmospheric ptressure combined to provide the power stroke, used for pumping water.
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Atmospheric engine; because a vacum and atmospheric ptressure combined to provide the power stroke, used for pumping water.
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Heat Engine
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Entropy
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Conservation of mechanical energy (Kinetic & Potential)
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Conservation of mechanical energy (Kinetic & Potential)
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Entropy
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Dimension
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Anything that is measurable
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Anything that is measurable
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Dimension
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Conversion Factors
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The conversion of units. I.E. Feet to inches, grams to kilograms, pounds to newtons.
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Unit Cancellation
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name of the operation of including units in calculations and performing the arithmetic and algebraic manipulations of those units.
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name of the operation of including units in calculations and performing the arithmetic and algebraic manipulations of those units.
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Unit Cancellation
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Variable
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A quantity that can have different numbers assignes to it
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A quanity that can have different numbers assigned to it
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Variable
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Independent Variable
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A variable that can have any given value to it.
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A variable that can have any given valute to it.
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Independent Variable
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Dependent Variable
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it's value depends on the value of an independent variable.
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It's value depends on the value of an independent variable
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Dependent Variable
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Thermodynamic System
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Any region in space that occupies a volume and has a boundary
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Any region in space that occupies a volume and has a boundary
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Thermodynamic System
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Homogeneous
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There is only one and only one distinct uniform material throughout the system at any instant in time.
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There is one and only one distinct uniform material throughout the system at any instant in time.
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Homegeneous
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Surroundings
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The volume outside the boundary
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The voulume outside the boundary
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Surroundings
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Universe
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The sum of the system and its surroundings.
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The sum of the system and its surroundings
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Universe
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Element
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Unique arrangement
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Molecules
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Atoms combine to form these.
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Perfect Gas
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A gas that has no forces, other than collision forces, between the individual atoms or molecules
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A gas that has no forces other than collision forces, between the individual atoms or molecules
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Perfect Gas
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Intensive Property
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Independent of the mass or total amount of th system
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Independent of the mass or total amount of the system
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Intensive property
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Extensive Property
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All properties that are dependent on the total amount of the system
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All properties that are dependent on the total amount of the system
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Extensive Property
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Specific Energy
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Energy per unit of mass of some material
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Energy per unit of mass of some material
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Specific Energy
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Total Energy
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Denotes the energy in a given amount of mass.
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Denotes the energy is a given amount of mass.
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Total Energy
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Cycle
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A combination of two or more processes that, when completed, return to the system to its initial state; a system operationg on a cycle is called a cyclic device.
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A combination of two or more processes that, when completed, return to the system to its initial state; a system operationg on a cycle is called a cyclic device.
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Cycle
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Universal Gravitational Constant
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The distance between the center of two bodies
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Acceleration
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The rate of change of speed or velocity per unit of time
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Volume
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An extensive geometric property having a value characterized by a length times a width
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Specific Volume
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Volume occupied by a unit mass of a system
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Specific Weight
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Weight per unit volume
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Specific Gravity
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Ratio of density of fluid described to the density of water
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Mechanical Equilibrium
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Equilibrium used to determine forces acting on bodies
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Equilibrium used to determine forces acting on bodies
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Mechanical Equilibrium
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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
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Two seperate bodies that are in thermal equilibrium with a third body are also in thermal equilibrium with each other
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Two seperate bodies that are in thermal equilibrium with a thridbody are also in thermal equilibrium with each other
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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy
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The capacity of a given body to produce physical effects external to that body
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The capacity of a given body to produce physical effect external to that body
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Energy
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Internal Energy
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Energy of a system that cannot be associated with kinetic or potential energies.
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Work
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Force times distance which the force acts constantly; Energy in transition across the boundary of a system, which can always be identified with a mechanical force acting through a distance
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Force times distance which the force acts constantly; Energy in transition across the boundary of a system, which can always be identified with a mechanical force acting through a distance
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Work
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The rate of doing work per unit of time
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Power
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Power
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The rate of doing work per unit of time
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Heat
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Energy in transition across the boundary of a system that cannot be identified with a mechanical force acting through a distance
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Energy in transition across the boundary of a system that cannot be identified with a mechanical force acting through a distance
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Heat
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1 Calorie
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The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 Celsius when water is 4 Celsius
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1 BTU
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The amount of heat required to raise the temperture of 1lbm of water to 1 F when water is 39 F
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Viscous
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Having the property of viscosity
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Open System
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A system whose boundaries allow for mass transfer, heat transfer and work. That is, the amount of mass and energy in an open system can change.
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A system whose boundaries allow for mass transfer, heat transfer and work. That is, the amount of mass and energy in an open system can change.
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Open System
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Closed System
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A system whose boundaries allow for heat transfer and work, but not mass transfer. That is, the amount of mass of a closed system always remains the same, but the amount of energy can change.
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A system whose boundaries allow for heat transfer and work, but not mass transfer. That is, the amount of mass of a closed system always remains the same, but the amount of energy can change.
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Closed System
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Isolated System
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A system whose boundaries prevent mass transfer, heat transfer, and work. That is, the amound of mass and energy of an isolated system remains the same.
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A system whose boundaries prevent mass transfer, heat transfer, and work. That is, the amound of mass and enerfy of an isolated syste, remains the same.
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Isolated System
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Conservation of Mass
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Mass is indestructable; that is mass can be neither created nor destroyed
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Mass is indestructable; that is mass can be neither created nor destroyed.
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Conservation of Mass
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Power
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Rate of work
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Carnot Engine
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Built by Sadi Carnot
Runs on the Carnot cycle |
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Carnot Cycle
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1-2: Reversible iso thermal compression at temperature (Tl).
2-3: Reversible adiabatic compression from the low temperature (Tl) to a higher temperatur (Th). 3-4: Reversible isothermal expansion at temperature (Th). 4-1: Reversible adiabatic Expansion from temperature (Th) to (Tl) |
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1-2: Reversible iso thermal compression at temperature (Tl).
2-3: Reversible adiabatic compression from the low temperature (Tl) to a higher temperatur (Th). 3-4: Reversible isothermal expansion at temperature (Th). 4-1: Reversible adiabatic Expansion from temperature (Th) to (Tl) |
Carnot Cycle
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Thermal Efficiency
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(Heat Input) / (Net Work)
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Coefficent of Peformance (COP)
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Used to describe the peformance of heat pump devices. COP is used in place of thermal effiency because work is not an output of the heat pumps but is an input.
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Coefficient of Refrigeration (COR)
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Used when a device acts as an refrigerator or any device used to cool a region.
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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The increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy added by heating the system minus the amount lost as a result of the work done by the system on its surroundings.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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No heat engine can produce a net work output by exchanging heat with a single fixed temperature region.
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Isentropic Process
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Entropy is constant for the process.
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Third Law of Thermodynamics
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Entropy tends to a mininmim constant value as temperature tends to absolute zero. For a pure element this minimum value is zero, but for all other substance it is not less than zero, but possibly more.
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Energy Degradion
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the transformation of energy into some form in which it is less available for doing work
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Unavailable Energy
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The amount of energy that is lost during a process and that can never be put to useful work
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Available Energy
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Energy that can be reconverted to useful work
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Gibbs Free Energy
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thermodynamic potential that measures the "useful" or process-initiating work obtainable from an isothermal, isobaric thermodynamic system.
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Specific Gibbs Free Energy
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Units of energy per unit of mass
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Helmholtz Free Energy
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thermodynamic potential which measures the “useful” work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and volume
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