Theriogenology Final -Small Animal

Front 1

Stages of the Canine Cycle

Back 1

Proestrus
Estrus
Diestrus (Metestrus)
Anestrus

Front 2

In the bitch __________ is a very distinct entity unlike in the cow/mare/other spp.

Back 2

Proestrus

Front 3

Proestrus

Back 3

initiation of overt activity

Front 4

Estrus

Back 4

Time the bitch will stand (time for breeding)

Front 5

Stages of the Canine Cycle

Back 5

Proestrus
Estrus
Diestrus (Metestrus)
Anestrus

Front 6

Diestrus (Metestrus)

Back 6

pregnancy or pseudo-pregnancy
-will be the same length whether pregnancy or pseudo-pregnancy

Front 7

Estrus

Back 7

Time the bitch will stand (time for breeding)

Front 8

physical changes in proestrus in the bitch

Back 8

turgid swelling of vulva, hemorrhagic discharge from vulva

Front 9

vaginal cytology in proestrus

Back 9

cornification of squamous epithelium lining of vagina

Front 10

what does the vaginal cytology tell you
********************************************
NEED TO KNOW!!!

Back 10

1. is she under the influence of estrogen or not
2. does she have inflammation or no

Front 11

what is the bitch's behavior in proestrus?

Back 11

non-acceptance of the male dog

Front 12

What hormone dominates during proestrus in the bitch?

Back 12

Estrogen

Front 13

Estrogen has influence on the epithelium of the vagina. When she is not under the influence of estrogen ___________. When she is under he influence of estrogen _______________.

Back 13

the vaginal epithelium doesn't have many layers ............... the vaginal epithelium has many layers

Front 14

What is the function of extra layers in the vagina that are found when the bitch is under the influence of estrogen?

Back 14

They help protect against trauma

Front 15

What type of cells do you expect to find in vaginal cytology during proestrus in a bitch?

Back 15

cornified epithelial cells (cornflakes)
red blood cells (do to diapedesis from uterus)
white blood cells/PMNs (variable in number; decreasing amount over time)
debris in the background

Front 16

What stage of the bitch's cycle does this vaginal cytology come from?

Back 16

Proestrus

Front 17

What is the behavior of the bitch in early, middle, and late proestrus?

Back 17

Early - non-acceptance of the male dog
Middle - negative responses - growling, snapping, aggression (eat his face !!!)
Late - passive responses - sits down when dog attempts mounting, tucks tail

Front 18

What is the hormone profile of the bitch during proestrus?

Back 18

Estrogen dominates
Gonadotopins - LH and FSH low
Progesterone low - (<1 ng/ml)

Front 19

What is the duration of proestrus in the bitch?

Back 19

Avg duration - 7-9 days
Range - 2-21 days
Take home message: must remain flexible when managing individual bitches for breeding

Front 20

What are the general physical changes during estrus in the bitch?

Back 20

softening of vulvar swelling, less blood in discharge

Front 21

What is the general hormone actions during estrus in the bitch?

Back 21

Progesterone rising
Estrogen falling
LH and FSH peaks

Front 22

What is the appearance of vaginal cytology in the bitch during estrus?

Back 22

> 90% cornified epithelium cells (cornflakes)
No WBCs
Few RBCs
Little or no debris on background of the slide

Front 23

What stage in her cycle is this bitch?

Back 23

Estrus - note large numbers of cornified epithelial cells (cornflakes) with no nuclei, no RBCs or WBCs and little/no background debris

Front 24

What is the behavior of the bitch during estrus?

Back 24

definition: stands to be mounted
Tail deviated to the side and elevated
Muscles around vulva contract and raise vulva - (helps with alignment of penis)
stiffening of back legs
rolling of skin on back

Front 25

What are the hormone profiles of the bitch during estrus?

Back 25

estrogen begins to fall
progesterone starts to rise - (first rise of P4 is correlated with LH peak)
***estrogen and progesterone are necessary for standing behavior
LH and FSH both peak at onset of estrus - may need both for ovulation

Front 26

__________ and ____________ hormones are necessary for standing behavior in the bitch to occur.

Back 26

Estrogen and Progesterone

Front 27

What is the duration of estrus in the bitch?

Back 27

Avg duration: 7-9 days
Range - 2-21 days
Take home message: must remain flexible when managing individual bitches for breeding

Front 28

How does diestrus in the bitch begin?

Back 28

with change in behavior -- non-acceptance of the male

Front 29

What hormone in the bitch dominates diestrus?

Back 29

Progesterone dominated - luteal phase

Front 30

What is the duration of diestrus in the bitch?

Back 30

length of pregnancy = pseudopregnancy is normal in the bitch

Front 31

What is the origin of diestrus in the bitch?

Back 31

wolf (canis lupis) -- (dogs are the same species they are Canis lupis subspecies familiaris)

Front 32

What physical changes occur during diestrus in the bitch?

Back 32

vulvar swelling decreases
vulvar discharge disappears - sometimes see scant purulent discharge during the early portion (this is normal)

Front 33

What is the appearance of the bitch's vaginal cytology during diestrus?

Back 33

abrupt change to non-cornified cells
influx of neutrophils

Front 34

What hormone peaks at 3 weeks during diestrus in the bitch?

Back 34

Progesterone

Front 35

Prolactin is ___________.

Back 35

luteotrophic

Front 36

What stage is this bitch in based on the vaginal cytology shown?

Back 36

Diestrus - note the disappearance of cornified epithelial cells and the influx of neutrophils

Front 37

Felines are ____________ breeders. Meaning _________ daylight hours are necessary for cycling to occur.

Back 37

seasonal breeders
long daylight hours

Front 38

Felines are _________ ovulators.

Back 38

induced

Front 39

Feline Reproductive Cycle

Back 39

seasonal breeders - must have long daylight hours for cycling to occur
induced ovulators
February - November
Inside queens exposed to light may cycle year round

Front 40

What are the stages of the feline reproductive cycle?

Back 40

Proestrus - not as defined as in bitches
Estrus- acceptance of mating
Post-estrus (interestrus) - no luteal phase if not induced to ovulate
Diestrus - when ovulation has occurred

Front 41

Proestrus in the Queen

Back 41

increased activity, vocalization, increased affection towards people
estrogen levels rising
vaginal cytology undergoing similar changes as the bitch - (not routinely done)

Front 42

Estrus in the Queen

Back 42

vocalization, rolling behavior, assuming the breeding position, treading with hind legs
estrogen is high
when breeding takes place, reflex release of LH from pituitary
4 or more breedings = 100% ovulation

Front 43

Cat copulation diagram

Back 43

Front 44

Post-estrus in the queen

Back 44

non-ovulatory cycle
no luteal tissue on ovary - no progesterone
avg duration - 8-10 days
no sexual receptivity

Front 45

Diestrus in the queen only occurs when....

Back 45

ovulation has been induced by breeding or other means (hormonal or mechanical)

Front 46

What is the length of the luteal phase in pregnancy (diestrus) in the queen.

Back 46

9 weeks in length

Front 47

What is the length of the luteal phase in pseudopregnancy in the queen?

Back 47

40-45 days in length

Front 48

Anestrus in the queen

Back 48

classic winter anestrus of the seasonal breeder
no cycling activity seen during this time
October/November - January

Front 49

What are infectious reproductive diseases seen in canines and felines?

Back 49

Brucella canis
Canine herpes virus
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Feline Panleukopenia

Front 50

What organism causes canine brucellosis and how?

Back 50

Brucella canis
-contagious through mucous membrane contact with the organism

Front 51

What are the signs of canine brucellosis and how is it treated?

Back 51

- Abortion due to placentitis ***
- Orchitis/Epididymitis***
- Erythritol in placenta and epididymes
- essentially non-treatable for breeding stock

Front 52

How do you diagnose Canine Brucellosis?

Back 52

Absolute confirmation - culture of organism
Rapid Slide Agglutination Test - excellent screening test
Tube Agglutination Test - diagnostic laboratories - titers
Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test - cell surface and cytoplasmic antigens tested

Front 53

When would you get false negatives when testing for canine brucellosis?

Back 53

early in the disease process - < 4-6 weeks
after treatment

Front 54

Why would you get false positives when testing for canine brucellosis?

Back 54

lack of specificity of tests
Cross-reactivity with other antigens

Front 55

Interpretation of canine brucellosis tests

Back 55

slide test - good screening test (in house)
Tube agglutination (titers)- < 1:50 = non-significant titer
AGID - rule out false positives - tests for cell surface vs cytoplasmic antigens
Culture - absolute confirmation

Front 56

Plan for Brucella canis

Back 56

if positive results in routine screen - AGID to rule out false positive
If positive with clinical signs - blood or discharge cultures
if negative on routine screen - no other test needed
if negative with clinical signs - 3 monthly tests required to rule out false negatives

Front 57

Canine herpes virus

Back 57

Neonatal deaths primarily - (experimentally: placentitis, abortion, stillbirths)
temperature sensitive virus - replicates in oronasal pharynx
ubiquitous - high morbidity
no illness in animals over three weeks of age

Front 58

What is the critical time frame for canine herpes virus in the naive bitch (no previous exposure)?

Back 58

the critical window - last three weeks of pregnancy and first three weeks of neonatal life

Front 59

When is canine herpes virus exposure no problem?

Back 59

if exposed during breeding
if exposed after 2-3 weeks post-partum (past poikilothermic period)

Front 60

What are the clinical signs for canine herpes virus?

Back 60

fading puppies - crying, greenish stool, abdominal pain
high mortality in an affected litter - near 100%
all subsequent litters normal
Necropsy - petechial hemorrhages in kidney, liver, lung, spleen. INIB on histopathology sections

Front 61

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Back 61

"kitten mortality complex"
repeat breeders
abortion - stillbirths
Fading kittens
difficult to dx unless they have fulminant clinical disease even with positive titer b/c it is hard to know if it is a x-reaction with another virus

Front 62

Feline leukemia virus

Back 62

fetal resorption

Front 63

Feline Panleukopenia

Back 63

cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens - these kittens will have intention tremors b/c cerebellum is responsible for coordinated movement

Front 64

Abdominal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis in small animals

Back 64

21-28 days - "string of pearls" - difficult after day 35

Front 65

Using radiography in pregnancy diagnosis for small animals

Back 65

Safe after day 40 - but it is best done in the last week of gestation due to calcification - this allows you to count the number of fetuses
-you can get in the ball park of figuring out if there will be dystocia due to size of pup (measure size of skull/size of pelvic opening)

Front 66

Using ultrasound in pregnancy diagnosis for small animals

Back 66

confirms pregnancy
fetal viability information
inaccurate to count (typically end up with an under-count)

Front 67

How is relaxin used for pregnancy dianosis in canines?

Back 67

Canine ONLY
comes from the placenta - measurable in serum after day 21-28
this is the only hormone that we have been able to detect in the pregnant bitch that is different from the pseudo-pregnant bitch

Front 68

When there is a lower than ___________ fetal heart rate, we know they are being stressed.

Back 68

200bpm

Front 69

Pregnancy management

Back 69

generally - as long as she did it before she was pregnant, she can do it during pregnancy
regular exercise - fewer dystocias
weight control - fewer dystocias

Front 70

Pregnancy Management: nutrition

Back 70

last trimester - increase 50% (gradually increase)
multiple small meals - b/c she doesn't have a lot of room in abdomen
growth formulation - 28-30% protein
Fish oil - omega 3's are beneficial
AVOID all other supplements

Front 71

what is necessary/needed in a whelping/queening area?

Back 71

must be out of traffic patterns
whelping box w/ pig rails
acclimate 1 week prior to due date
washable bedding - need good footing (don't want slippery surface)

Front 72

When is a singlet puppy a problem?

Back 72

It isn't necessarily a problem - Typically more of a problem in large breed dogs (get a little worried when there are less than 3 puppies)

Front 73

How do you predict that whelping is soon to occur?

Back 73

body temp drops ~ 24 hours prior to whelping ( usu. drops to 98 or below)
indicates a drop in progesterone - (progesterone is thermogenic)
Transient drop - take temperature twice daily - if she hasn't whelped in 48 hours since temp drop, take her to vet

Front 74

What is the gestation length in the bitch?

Back 74

---gestation length is critical
65 days from LH peak (P4=2ng/ml)
61 days post ovulation (P4=5ng/ml)
61-63 days post breeding date - most inaccurate (range = 55-70 days)
56-57 days after onset of diestrus

Front 75

What is the gestation length of the feline?

Back 75

average 63 days
(Range = 58-70 days)

Front 76

If you see abnormal vaginal discharges during pregnancy...

Back 76

occasional mucus is normal
hemorrhagic- may be normal or may be sign of impending abortion (do vaginal cytology and vaginoscopy)
purulent discharge - pyometra or dead fetus
antibiotics - only if necessary - rest - supportive therapy as needed

Front 77

Fetal Wastage

Back 77

incidence unknown - prob. 30% of preg. have at least 1 fetal resorption
ultrasonography is best way to confirm
causes: trauma, heat stress, luteal insufficiency, viral, bacterial, CEH, protozoa
treatment: evacuate her uterine contents if all puppies/kittens are dead (PGF2a)

Front 78

Prolonged gestation in the bitch

Back 78

-must confirm pregnancy (radiographs)
-important info: breeding dates, end of estrus, previous pregnancies
- problem w/ singleton puppies, esp in med. to large breed dogs
- primary uterine inertia: P4= <2ng/ml ----- no labor
u/s : fetal viability, stress
c-section if needed

Front 79

uterine torsion in small animals

Back 79

uncommon
clinical presentation: acute abdomen - pain distress; may be asymptomatic until dystocia
diagnosis - exploratory laparotomy - you won't know until you get in there

Front 80

What causes the initiation of parturition in small animals?

Back 80

progesterone falls rapidly to initiate parturition: <2ng/ml
transient drop in body temp (take BID)
milk evident in glands 1-7 days prior - unreliable in prediction of parturition

Front 81

The first stage of parturition in small animals

Back 81

begins after progesterone drops
-removal of progesterone "block" from the uterus - myometrial activity begins
-increase in oxytocin receptor sites
-nesting, anxiety, anorexia, vomiting

Front 82

The second stage of parturition in small animals

Back 82

active contractions - fetus in pelvic canal stimulates "urge to push"
Ferguson reflex - oxytocin release and abdominal contractions
amnion appears first
greatest effort is to deliver the head
breech presentations are normal

Front 83

What is the Ferguson reflex and when does it occur?

Back 83

-oxytocin release and abdominal contractions
- occurs during 2nd stage of parturition

Front 84

Continuation of the second stage of parturition

Back 84

greenish black discharge - uteroverdin in canine pregnancies; placental marginal hematomas
dam will eat placentas
avg interval: 30 min-1hr

Front 85

What is the intervention criteria in the second stage of parturition in the bitch?

Back 85

active contractions >1hr
rest period >4hrs
black, thick discharge w/out fetus

Front 86

What should be done if intervention is necessary?

Back 86

C-section should be considered early (don't do unless you have confirmed fetal presence on radiograph)
U/S to help determine fetal viability
radiography to determine presence of additional fetuses
oxytocin - if no obstruction present
Ca++ if deemed necessary

Front 87

Third stage of parturition in small animals

Back 87

passage of placentas (retention is rare) - consider if purulent discharge occurs post-partum
most are passed immediately following the fetus
oxytocin is not necessary if suckling puppies/kittens are present

Front 88

Normal involution in small animals

Back 88

decreases over time - most expelled in first two weeks
changes in color - red (blood) -> brown (old blood)
changes in consistency - watery -> mucoid
no odor
brownish mucoid lochia can be normal for 4-6 weeks post-partum

Front 89

Management of Dam

Back 89

monitor mammary glands and vulvar discharges daily
unlimited food and water (to dam)

Front 90

Weaning (small animals)

Back 90

Start weaning process at 3-4 weeks by offering gruel (complete by 5-8 weeks)
reduce food to dam at weaning
the pressure in her mammary glands gives the signal to stop producing milk

Front 91

Care of Newborns (small animals)

Back 91

Need colostrum and daily milk intake (don't get antibodies through the placenta)
eat, sleep, and dream
dam stimulates urination/defecation
crying indicates a problem
poikilothermic for the first 2-3 weeks

Front 92

Hypothermia is critical during the first __________ weeks.

Back 92

2-3 weeks (because they are poikilothermic)

Front 93

Ambient temperatures required by neonates (small animals)

Back 93

1-7 days (85-90 degrees F)
8-28 days (80 degrees F)
29+ days (70-75 degrees F)
- can provide heat lamps of heating pads as long as they are able to move away from the heat source

Front 94

Pig piles = __________ babies

Back 94

cold babies

Front 95

What is the daily weight gain of small animal neonates?

Back 95

10% of birth weight daily

Front 96

important factors in monitoring neonates

Back 96

hypothermia - most important
hypoglycemia - inadequate caloric intake
hypovolemia - dehydration

Front 97

Post partum diseases: Metritis

Back 97

inflammation of ENTIRE uterus (endometrium and myometrium)
systemic illness: fever, depression, purulent vulvar discharge
Dx: CBC, vaginal cytology, culture, U/S
Treatment: PGF2a to evacuate the uterus; supportive therapy- fluids, antibiotics

Front 98

Post-Partum Diseases: Mastitis

Back 98

Can kill bitches
enlarged, hot painful glands
fever, leukocytosis
coliforms, strep, staphs
hot pack and strip abnormal milk
aspirin, antibiotics
tends to reoccur w/ subsequent litters or pseudo-pregnancies

Front 99

Post-Partum Diseases: Hypocalcemia (Eclampsia)

Back 99

occurs primarily in small, nervous breeds
can be hereditary in some lines
progressive clinical signs: panting, pacing, muscle tremors (trembling), ataxia, hyperthermia (106-108 deg F), tonic-clonic convulsions, death
Treatment: give calcium

Front 100

Treatment of Hypocalcemia in Small animals

Back 100

IV calcium gluconate - to effect
Oral calcium supplements for maintenance
Weaning: if puppies are old enough; if unable to control clinical signs; re-occurrence of clinical signs

Front 101

Post-Partum Diseases: Subinvolution of Placental Sites - SIPS

Back 101

persistent uterine bleeding (after whelping)
usually identified if bleeding persists after weaning
gross lesions: erosions in endometrium
Histologic lesions: Multinuclear giant cells = trophoblast cells

Front 102

Treatment and Prognosis of SIPS

Back 102

usually self-limiting
PGF2a
Not related to: post-partum metritis or future infertility

Front 103

Estrus control: Ovaban (megesterol acetate)

Back 103

Progestin - only treatment approved for use in breeding bitches (contraindicated in queens -> diabetes mellitus)
daily dosing required
proestrus - (1st 3 days) -1mg/lb PO 8 days
Anestrus: 0.25 mg/lb PO 32 days

Front 104

Estrus control: Mibolerone (Cheque)

Back 104

Androgenic compound
contraindicated in cats: liver toxicity
not approved for use in breeding bitches
daily dosing required - oral
Must start 30 days prior to next anticipated cycle

Front 105

Estrus control: Testosterone

Back 105

used routinely in racing greyhounds
many start prepubertally
Ex. protocol: 20mg aqueous testosterone weekly IM
25 mg methyl testosterone PO twice weekly
side effects minimal

Front 106

Estrus Control: Deslorelin- GnRH analogue

Back 106

long acting implants - 6-12 months (not avail.yet in USA)
implants visible by ultrasound so can be removed early if desired
downregulates the pituitary-gonadal axis
totally safe
totally reversible
can be used in dogs and bitches

Front 107

Canine Pseudo-pregnancy

Back 107

normal after every estrus in bitches
overt vs covert
only in queens that have been stimulated to ovulate (40-45 days)
Treatments: testosterone, mibolerone, bromocriptine, time (self-limiting)

Front 108

Mis-mating shots

Back 108

estrogen - within 72 hours of breeding- while still in estrus
causes "tubular lockage" and disrupts/alters uterine environment
25% incidence of pyometra (side effect)
client release form signed
Estrone

Front 109

Estrogen toxicity

Back 109

bone marrow suppression - dogs and ferrets (not a problem in cats)
lethal and irreversible
do not repeat ECP injection more frequently than once every 30 days
Pyometra - 25% incidence

Front 110

What are other options to mis-mating shots?

Back 110

spaying
waiting until day 28-30, U/S - abort pregnancy at that time
allowing whelping - euthanasia of pups, placement of pups

Front 111

Prolactin inhibitors

Back 111

Bromocriptine and Cabergoline
dopamine agonists
prolactin is luteotropic in bitch and queen during the second trimester
CL's lyse in response to lowered prolactin levels
progesterone <2ng/ml for 48hrs induces whelping/abortion

Front 112

Prostaglandin

Back 112

multiple small injections will lyse the CL of the bitch or queen
side effects seen w/ smooth muscle contractions but minimize over time
Luteolytic dose only 5-fold from LD50
best accomplished during 2nd trimester after pregnancy diagnosis

Front 113

Emerging alternatives to mis-mating

Back 113

GnRH implants- deslorelin
-down regulation of pituitary support results in luteolysis
-prolonged release over time

GnRH vaccine
-anti-GnRH antibodies result in luteolysis
Requires 2 injections at 2-4wk interval

Front 114

Vaginitis in the puppy

Back 114

small amount of purulent discharge in the prepubertal bitch
best option - scientific 'neglect'
rule out concurrent cystitis
postpone spay until resolved
goes away w/ first estrus

Front 115

Vaginitis: Adult onset

Back 115

primarily seen in spayed bitches
rule out: skin disease- perivulvar dermatitis
anatomic - inverted juvenile vulva
urinary tract infections
foreign bodies
tumors

Front 116

Treatments for adult vaginitis

Back 116

Hormonal: DES to thicken the vaginal epithelium
Surgery: removal of excess skin folds around the vulva; allows freer voiding of urine; only done when problem is serious and refractory to medical treatment

Front 117

Routine Breeding Management of the Bitch

Back 117

identify first day of vulvar discharge: start counting = Day 1
identify first day of standing estrus
breed every 2-3 days until no longer stands
Avg scenario: breed on day 10, 12, and 14; out of estrus - day 16-18

Front 118

Blood supply to dog's penis during copulation

Back 118

Front 119

Breeding management: Progesterone

Back 119

modern standard for breeding management
semiquantitative: ELISA
quantitative methods preferred: radioimmunoassay, chemiluminescence
Sample every other day (M-W-F)
principle: 2ng/ml = LH peak
5 ng/ml = ovulation

Front 120

Breeding management: Time frame for using progesterone in the bitch

Back 120

Ovulation begins 24-48 hours after LH peak- or first rise in progesterone (2ng/ml)
ovulation takes 24-48hrs - waves of ovulation over time for multiple follicles
two meiotic divisions to take primary oocytes to secondary oocytes (24-48 hours)
3-6 days from LH peak = FERTILIZATION

Front 121

Breeding Management: LH Assays

Back 121

In-house kit available
helpful in breeding mgmt - used in conjunction with progesterone assay
more definitive than progesterone
disadvantage - must take daily samples
gestation length defined = 65 days
spayed animals will have high LH - no negative feedback

Front 122

Feline Breeding Management

Back 122

natural breedings are the norm
copulation necessary for ovulation unless GnRH/hCG given
multiple breedings ensure complete ovulation
bring queen to male's territory - allow time for acclimatization

Front 123

Pyometra

Back 123

diestral disease- occurs during progesterone phase of cycle
seen 60-90 days postestrus in the bitch - anytime in the queen
often seen in older individuals
medical reason for spaying females not intended for breeding

Front 124

Clinical presentation of pyometra

Back 124

depression - most often seen with toxemia
leukocytosis- may see left shift
vulvar discharge - if open cervix
PU/PD - endotoxins from E. coli
Dx: abdominal palpation, radiograph, U/S**

Front 125

Medical Therapy for Pyometra

Back 125

PGF2a - Lutalyse
causes smooth muscle (myometrial) contractions to evacuate the uterus
multiple small injections will lyse the CL - continue until progesterone is baseline
Treat "to effect" - until uterine contents are gone per U/S

Front 126

Pyometra: medical therapy considerations

Back 126

culture/sensitivity: appropriate antimicrobial therapy - bacterial showers
side effects of PGF2a: panting, salivation, vomition, defecation, vocalization (queens) - 30-40 min duration
Recommendation: breed next occurring estrus - Then spay