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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GnRH
a. function b. produced by... c. clinical uses in cows d. clinical uses in mares |
a. causes ant. pituitary to synthesize & release gonadotropins (LH, FSH)
b. hypothalamus c. tx of cystic ovaries synchronize ovulation in combo w/ progestagen & prostaglandin superovulation in embryo transfer protocols d. induction of ovulation |
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oxytocin
a. function b. produced by... c. clinical uses |
a. stimulates smooth muscle contraction (mainly in genital & mammary tissues)
b. posterior pituitary c. milk letdown in females of all species induction of parturition induction of post partum uterine contractions/involution to promote emptying of uterus |
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LH
a. functions b. produced by... c. clinical uses |
a.
stimulates tests to produce androgens (mainly testosterone) stimulates ovaries to produce progesterone causes oocyte maturation, ovulation of mature follicles, CL formation & maintenance b. ant. pituitary c. induction of ovulation of mature follicles |
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FSH
a. functions b. produced by... c. clinical uses |
a.
stimulates follicular growth & estrogen production in females promotes spermatogenesis in males b. anterior pituitary c. induction of estrus in pre-pubertal gilts & weaned sows |
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equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)
a. activity b. produced by... c. clinical uses in cows |
a. FSH & LH bioactivity when administered to other mammals
b. endometrial cups of pregnant mare c. superovulation protocols |
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human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
a. activity b. clinical uses in cows c. clinical uses in mares |
a. major bioactivity is LH-like w/ a fairly long T1/2
b. tx of nymphomania caused by cystic ovaries c. induction of ovulation of mature follicles (> 35 mm) |
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progesterone
a. functions b. produced by... c. clinical uses in cows d. clinical uses in mares |
a.
maintains pregnancy suppresses uterine activity & promotes endometrial secretion suppresses estrous cycle, ovulation, & usually estrus behavior b. CL & placenta c. estrus synchronization (vaginal insert or delivered in food) suppression of estrus in confined heifers in feedlots being fed to slaughter weights & not intended for breeding d. estrus manipulation (seasonal transition, scheduled breeding) |
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estrogen
a. functions b. produced by... c. clinical uses in cows d. clinical uses in mares |
a.
responsible for behavioral estrus in females acts w/ progestagens to stimulate growth of uterus & mammary glands acts w/ oxytocin & PG to stimulate uterine contractions during parturition ovarian follicle maturation ovulatory surge of FSH & LH b. ovarian follicle c. superovulation protocols (compounded estrogens) d. enhance sexual receptivity of ovariectomized mares in semen collection programs induction of labor prior to giving oxytocin |
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PGF-2a
a. functions b. produced by... c. clinical uses in cows & mares |
a. luteolysis of CL & cessation of current cycle
b. endometrium c. major use in estrous cycle control |
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What is impotentia coeundi?
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either a lack of desire (libido) or an inability to copulate
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What are some causes of lack of libido in males?
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obesity
isolation inexperience age poor BCS systemic dz psychic factors pain locomotor problems genetics |
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What are some factors that cause inability to copulate in males?
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genetics
balanoposthitis: inflammation of penis & prepuce penile deviations: congenital or acquired phimosis: inability to extend penis outside prepuce (dog most common) paraphimosis: inability to withdraw penis into sheath (flaccid) priapism: persistent erection (most common in dog & stallion) hair rings: bulls alterations of preputial process: bucks, rams penile or preputial growths |
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What is impotentia generandi?
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inability to fertilize ova
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ddx for impotentia generandi assoc. w/ normal appearing semen
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observed in certain infectious diseases
trichomoniasis, vibriosis, Mycoplasma in bull Klebsiella, Psuedomonas, Taylorella equigenitalium in horse |
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ddx for impotentia generandi assoc. w/ abnormal appearing semen
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1º sperm abnormalities: usually assoc. w/ testicular pathology (hypoplasia, degeneration, orchitis, epididymitis)
2º abnormalities assoc. w/ pathology of extra testicular ducts & 2º sex glands or can be d/t poor semen handling techniques (cold shock, agitation) |
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causes of testicular degeneration
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temperature, pressure, trauma, infection, nutrition, sperm drainage blockage, noxious agents, vascular problems, age, chimerism
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What are the parts of a male breeding soundness exam?
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evaluation of general body condition
assessment of conformation as it relates to ability to breed inspection of internal & external genitalia examination of semen quality |
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What are the events of the luteal phase of the estrous cycle?
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early (metestrus): CL formed from follicular cells
mid (diestrus): CL produces lots of P4 late -CL lysed by PGF-2α (produced by uterine endometrium) *lysis followed by marked ↓ in blood P4, which removes negative feedback on hypothalamus --> ↑ GnRH --> new follicular phase *structural regression of CL --> corpus albicans (CA) |
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What are the events of the follicular phase of the estrous cycle?
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gonadotropin release from anterior pituitary
follicular preparation for ovulation sexual receptivity ovulation -estrogen controls onset of pre-ovulation LH surge which causes ovulation -when follicle ruptures at ovulation, vessels w/in follicle wall also rupture --> corpus hemorrhagicum (CH) |
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What are some factors that affect onset of puberty?
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considerable species, breed, & sex variation for onset of puberty
involves interaction of environment, nutrition, & genetics |
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What are the lengths of the estrous cycle & estrus in:
a. cows b. ewes |
a. 21 d. (17-24), 15 h. estrus (6-24)
b. 17 d. (13-19), 30 h. estrus (18-48) |
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What are behavior signs of estrus in:
a. cows b. ewes |
a. sort off from rest of group (sexually active group: SAG), females will mount other females
b. short period of restlessness, urination in presence of ram, immobile stance |
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What is the gestation length in:
a. cows b. ewes |
a. 282 d. (~9 mo.)
b. 150 d. (~ 5 mo.) |
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What factor may cause gestation length in ruminants to dec. by 5-10 days?
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# of fetuses (twins)
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What are the estrogen requirements during pregnancy for sheep & cattle?
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ovary produces estrogen, but it is not required by the ovary to maintain pregnancy
fetal membranes produce estrogen, & it is required by fetal membranes throughout pregnancy |
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What are the progesterone requirements during pregnancy for sheep?
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CL produces progesterone & requires it for the 1st 50-60 d. of pregnancy
fetal membranes produce progesterone & require it for last 100 d. of pregnancy |
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What are the progesterone requirements during pregnancy for cattle?
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CL produces progesterone & requires it for the 1st 200-250 d. of pregnancy
fetal membranes produce progesterone & require some, esp. after day 200 of pregnancy |
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What are the 3 stages of parturition & how long does each last in the cow & ewe?
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stage 1: preliminary (cow, ewe: 2-6 hrs)
stage 2: expulsion of fetus (cow: 0.5-1 hrs, ewe: 0.5-2 hrs) stage 3: expulsion of fetal membranes (cow: 2-12 hrs, ewe: 5-8 hrs) |
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What are the preferred semen collection techniques for:
a. bulls? b. stallions? c. dogs? |
a. electroejaculation
b. artificial vagina c. manual |
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breeding soundness exam: bull
a. what % of normal sperm morphology does bull need to pass? b. what scrotal circumference is considered too small? |
a. 70%
b. < 32 cm |
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What are reasons to synchronize estrus in ruminants?
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control time of AI
targeted breeding: cooler seasons targeted milk production: highest prices no heat detection needed: timed AI protocols concentrate labor: breeding & calving more uniform calf crop (beef) control time of embryo collection & transfer |
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What hormones are used in ruminants to synchronize follicular growth?
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GnRH, progesterone, follicle aspiration, estradiol (NOT approved)
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What hormones are used in ruminants to regulate CL regression?
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PGF-2a
progesterone |
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What is meant by "spring transition" in reference to horses?
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mares show estrus behavior, but don’t ovulate
1st ovulation of year marks end of transition period: usually 1st week of April, then cycle regularly |
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What hormones are used in ruminants to induce ovulation?
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GnRH
hCG estradiol (not approved) |
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What are some estrus synchronization protocols used in cows when estrus is being detected?
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2 PGF injections
MGA (synthetic progesterone) + PGF CIDR (intravaginal progesterone) + PGF CIDR + GnRH + PGF |
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What are some estrus synchronization protocols used in cows when using timed AI?
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Ovsynch: GnRH + PGF + GnRH
Select Synch: GnRH + PGF CO-Synch: GnRH + PGF + GnRH |
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What are 2 estrus synchronization protocols used in small ruminants?
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2 PGF injections
MGA (synthetic progesterone) + PG600 (synthetic gonadotropin) |
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What is the average time of puberty & sexual maturity in horses?
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puberty: 15-18 mo. depending on body weight, season
sexual maturity: ~4 yrs |
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Horses are _______ day breeds and are ______________ ______estrous.
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long
seasonally polyestrous |
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horses: proestrus
a. length b. P4 conc. c. teasing d. changes in repro anatomy |
a. 12-48 hrs before behavioral estrus
b. decreasing/low c. passive d. uterine edema |
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horse: estrus
a. length b. P4 conc. c. teasing d. changes in repro anatomy |
a. 5-7 d.
b. low c. mare “teases in” (shows signs of sexual receptivity): urinates, "winks" d. cervix relaxes, uterine edema |
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When does ovulation occur in equine estrus? How is this related to LH conc?
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ovulation occurs 1-2 d. before end of estrus
absence of well defined LH surge -starts to inc. when mare comes into estrus -LH highest in the day following ovulation |
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diestrus
a. length b. P4 conc. c. teasing d. changes in repro anatomy |
a. 15-16 d. (very consistent)
b. high (produced by CL) c. “teasing out” (not wanting to mate): squeals, pins ears back, etc. d. cervix tightens |
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What hormone assay is a good test for pregnancy in horses?
When is testing usually done & what do the results mean? |
total estrogens
usually test around day 90-100 -if high, indicates viable fetus & placenta -will decrease w/in 1-2 days if pregnancy is lost |
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What are the lengths of the 3 stages of parturition in the mare?
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stage 1: ~ 4 h. (hard to identify)
stage 2: 20-60 min. stage 3: 0.5-3 h. |
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What are the 2 main ways that estrus synchronization is accomplished in mares?
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-termination of luteal phase w/ PGF-2α
-lengthening of luteal phase w/ exogenous progestins |
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What are some indications for termination of luteal phase w/ PGF-2a ("short cycling") in mares?
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induction of estrus
after foal heat ovulation tx of prolonged diestrus estrus synchronization following progestin therapy elective termination of pregnancy post-mating endometritis |
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What are some indication of lengthening the luteal phase w/ exogenous progestins in mares?
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estrus synchronization
prevention of estrus assist w/ pregnancy maintenance: mares w/ uterine cysts, poor cervical tone, embryo transfer |
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What is the ideal method to synchronize estrus & ovulation in mares?
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progesterone & estradiol: daily tx for 10 days followed by PGF-2α injection
hCG when follicle > 35 mm ovulation typically on day 9-10 after end of tx |
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What hormones are used to do the following in mares:
a. delay foal heat b. induce estrus after foal heat ovulation |
a. progestins +/- estradiol
b. PGF-2a |
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proestrus: dog
a. length b. clinical signs c. E2 conc. d. vaginal cytology |
a. 9-10 d.
b. swollen vulva, serosanguineous d/c c. rising d. % of cornified cells ↑ ~10-15% per day, reaching 90-100% by onset of estrus |
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estrus: dogs
a. length b. clinical signs c. E2 conc. d. vaginal cytology e. P4 conc. |
a. 9-10 d.
b. vulvar swelling ↓ slightly, bloody d/c changes to straw colored or may remain bloody, vaginal folds shrink/wrinkle c. decreasing d. fully cornified, background of slide is clear e. increasing, which coincides w/ LH surge that occurs w/in 2 days after full vaginal cornification |
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diestrus: dogs
a. length b. vaginal cytology |
a. 57-58 d.
b. typified by abrupt ↓ (overnight: ~50%) in % of cornified cells |
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anestrus: dogs
a. length b. vaginal cytology |
a. 2-5 mo.
b. parabasal cells |
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proestrus: cats
a. length b. E2 conc. |
a. 1-3 d. (may be inapparent)
b. increasing |
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estrus: cats
a. length b. clinical signs c. E2 conc. |
a. 5-8 d.
b. rolling, exaggerated lordosis when petted c. peak E2 causes behavioral estrus |
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What hormones are used for estrus prevention & suppression in dogs?
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megestrol acetate (MGA): progestagen
androgens |
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What hormones are used to induce estrus in dogs?
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eCG + hCG
FSH GnRH analogs estrogens (DES) |
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What hormones are used to shorten the interestrous interval in dogs?
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PGF-2a
dopamine agonists |
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What hormone can be used to tx mismating in dogs?
What are potential risks of the tx? |
estrogens
cystic endometrial hyperplasia & pyometra BM suppression --> aplastic anemia |
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What is the preferred tx of a possible mismating?
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confirm mismating has happened
-detect sperm heads w/in 24-48 hrs using special vaginal cytology technique wait & preg check at 25-30 d. -if pregnant, institute appropriate, safer therapy at > 30 d. -if done < 30 d. --> fetal resorption -abortion: PGF-2a, cabergoline (dopamine agonist): alone or w/ PGF-2a, dexamethasone, anti-progestins: not available in US |
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What hormone can be used to prevent abortion in dogs?
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progesterone
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What hormones can be used to tx psuedopregnancy in dogs?
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progestagens, dopamine agonists (typically don’t do anything)
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What hormones can be used to induce behavior estrus in cats:
a. w/ ovulation b. w/o ovulation |
a. estrogens
b. eCG, eCG + hCG, FSH +/- hCG, inc. photoperiod |
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What hormones/methods can be used to induce ovulation in cats?
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glass rod for intravaginal stimulation, hCG, GnRH
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What hormone can be used for estrus prevention/suppression in cats?
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progesterone
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What hormones can be used to tx mismating/induce abortion in cats?
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estrogens, dopamine agonists
NOT PGF-2a (not luteolytic in early diestrus as it is in dogs) |
