Therio - Seasonal Effect, Sexual Behavior

Front 1

Seasonal breeders are found geographically

Back 1

-temperate latitudes

-near equator is almost always 12 hrs day

Front 2

Domestic sp.
-seasonal breeders

Back 2

-horse
-sheep
-goat

Front 3

Long day breeder
-sp

Back 3

-mare

Front 4

Horse
-length of gestation

Back 4

-10.5-12 mo

Front 5

Long day breeders
-why

Back 5

-long gestation period
-bred in spring --->birth next spring

Front 6

Short gestation breeders
-spp.

Back 6

-goat (doe)
-sheep (ewe)

Front 7

Ewe
-gestation period

Back 7

-21 wks (5 mo)

Front 8

Short term breeders
-why

Back 8

-shorter gestation periods

-bred in fall --> birth in spring

Front 9

Hormone secreted in a pattern in seasonal breeders
-describe the pattern

Back 9

-prolactin

-high prolactin on long days (spring, summer)
-low prolactin on short days (fall, winter)

Front 10

How does photoperiod affect prolactin secretion?

Back 10

-affect on melatonin secretion by the pineal gland

Front 11

When does the pineal gland secret melatonin?

Back 11

-night

*tryptaophan moves into gland at night and then is converted to serotonin then to melatonin

**resulting effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis for short and long day breeders differs

Front 12

Sense organ for photoperiod

Back 12

-eye

*not needed however

Front 13

How is a day percieved as long or short?

Back 13

-the presence or absence of light at a particular time of day

Front 14

Melatonin receptors
-found where

Back 14

-hypothalamus
-anterior pituitary

Front 15

How can melatonin levels affect males?

Back 15

-sperm production

Front 16

Equine
-hormone levels during anestrus

Back 16

-low GnRH
-reduced LH and FSH secretion
-low steroid production (Estradiol/testosterone, progesterone)

Front 17

Equine
-ovaries during anestrus

Back 17

-inactive
-little follicular maturation

Front 18

Equine
-hormone concentrations during spring transition

Back 18

-GnRH increase
-FSH increase
-Surge in estradiol and LH

Front 19

Equine
-ovaries during spring transition

Back 19

-increase in number and size of follicles
-first few large follicles, but they don't ovulate
-LH eventually leads to ovulation

Front 20

Can a practitioner distinguish between a competent large follicle and an anovulatory large follicle?

Back 20

-no

Front 21

Equine
-how long does spring transition take

Back 21

6-12 wks

Front 22

Equine
-why do people want to breed mares early

Back 22

-January 1st is the official birth date for foals
-want foals born near Jan 1st

Front 23

Equine
-how to breed for Jan 1st

Back 23

-inc. day length in winter with artificial light ---> light will return anestrus mares to reproductive competence
-still need to account for transition phase (6-12 mo)

-add light in evening hrs starting Nov/Dec

Front 24

Sheep breeding
-most critical time

Back 24

-summer solstice to autumnal equinox

Front 25

Sheep
-estrus initiated by

Back 25

-change in day length from long to short days

Front 26

Sheep
-ovaries during anestrus

Back 26

-follicular waves continue and they reach ovulatory size, but don't ovulate

Front 27

Sheep
-how to get them to breed out of season

Back 27

-block exposure to morning or evening light by housing in light tight barns

or

-expose to artificial light for 8-12 weeks followed by 8-12 wks of short days

or

-melatonin implants for 4 wks

-treat with progestin sping for 12 days then inject eCG upon sponge removal

*Rams too
**make sure to withhold contact with rams until ready to breed

Front 28

How much shorter are short days than long days?

Back 28

6-8 hrs

Front 29

Male sexual behavior
-2 phases

Back 29

-courtship
-copulation

Front 30

Male sexual behavior
-influenced by what hormones

Back 30

-testosterone

-

Front 31

Ability to exhibit normal male sexual behavior comes from where?

Back 31

-sexual differentiation in the brain during puberty due to testosterone

Front 32

Male sexual behavior
-how to get rid of

Back 32

-castration

Front 33

Sexual behavior
-species stimulated by visual cues

Back 33

-bovine
-equine

Front 34

Sexual behavior
-species stimulated by olfactory cues

Back 34

-porcine
-ovine
-equine

Front 35

Sexual behavior
-male olfactory effect on females

Back 35

-rodents, swine, sheep, others can stimulate earlier puberty, induce ovulation, and increase the speed of sperm transport in the female tract

Front 36

Sexual behavior
-female olfactory effect on males

Back 36

-ID the presence of females in estrus

Front 37

Pheromones
-define

Back 37

-air-borne chemicals released in the urine/feces of animals or secreted from cutaneous glands that are perceived by the olfactory system and elicit behavioral or endocrine responses

Front 38

Sheep
-ram pheromone effect on ewes
-boar pheromone effect on sow

Back 38

-wool and urine of ram can stimulate ovulation in ewe

-presence of boar during insemination improves ovulation and sperm transport in female tract

Front 39

Flehmen response
-define

Back 39

-particular type of curling of the lips in ungulates, felids, and many other mammals that facilitates the transfer of odorant chemicals into the vomeronasal organ

Front 40

Flehming
-can help determine what?

Back 40

-presence/absence of estrus
-physiologic state of the animal
-how long ago the animal passed by

Front 41

Sex Odeur Aerosol
-administration

Back 41

-hold 50cm away from nose of sow and apply for 2 sec

Front 42

Sex Odeur Aerosol
-reason for use

Back 42

-if the sow is in estrus, the spray will cause her to exhibit the standing reflex

Front 43

Female sexual behavior
-hormones

Back 43

-estradiol
-progesterone

Front 44

Estradiol
-function in sexual behavior

Back 44

-necessary for mating behavior

Front 45

Estradiol
-secreted from where

Back 45

-mature follicles

Front 46

Estradiol
-highest levels when?

Back 46

-when the follicle is mature and able to ovulate a viable egg

Front 47

Progesterone
-function in female sexual behavior

Back 47

-inhibits mating behavior

Front 48

Progesterone
-comes from where

Back 48

-CL

Front 49

Progesterone
-highest levels when?

Back 49

-during pregnancy
-during stages of the estrous cycle without a fertilizable egg

Front 50

Biostimulation of males on females is pronounced in what species?

Back 50

-sheep
-pigs

Front 51

Biostimulation
-possible effects on females

Back 51

-accelerate the onset of puberty
-stimulate cyclic activity to resume in females undergoing seasonal or lactational anestrus
-alter times associated with estrus and ovulation

Front 52

Libido
-define

Back 52

-desire to mate

Front 53

Mating ability
-define

Back 53

-ability to successfully mate

Front 54

Libido and mating ability in bulls are influenced by?

Back 54

-genetics

Front 55

Bovine reproductive behavior
-amicable behavior in bullsexhibited where?

Back 55

-young animals with a stable dominance hierarchy
-expressed as sham fighting and butting, mounting, licking

Front 56

Bovine reproductive behavior
-agonistic behavior in bulls exhibited where?

Back 56

-older animals during formation or re-establishment of the social order
-includes behavior associated with conflict

-social hierarchies are established quickly when animals are suddenly placed together in a group

Front 57

Bovine sexual behavior
-female behavior

Back 57

-solicit sex partners
-form sexually active groups that stay in visual contact of bull

Front 58

Bovine behavior
-bull attracted to female how

Back 58

-sight of mounting activity

Front 59

Bovine behavior
-sham mounting

Back 59

-once attracted to a female the bull tests her receptivity by making real/sham mounting attempts

Front 60

Greatest stimulus to a bull

Back 60

-bull or any other large object that is immobile

*reason you need to look at more than just the semen sample in order to call a bull fertile

Front 61

Stallion sexual behavior
-key elements

Back 61

-vocalization
-olfactory and tactile investigation
-flehmen response

Front 62

Teasing
-define

Back 62

-bringing a stallion to a mare

Front 63

Stallion
-response from teasing

Back 63

-sexual response within 2 minutes

Front 64

Stallions
-phsychological breeding issues

Back 64

-ritual bound (consistent ritual)
-bored (need variety)
-preference (need certain types of mares)

Front 65

Stallions
-how to alleviate boredom

Back 65

-changes in stimulus mares
-breeding location
-handlers
-order of procedure

Front 66

How to get a stallion to perform more vigerously

Back 66

-provide more than 1 stimulus

Front 67

Mare
-estrus signs in a pasture setting

Back 67

approach stallion and exhibit sexual behavior
-urination
-deviation of tail
-standing still

Front 68

Mare
-signs of diestrus in pasture setting

Back 68

-avoid approaching stallion and exhibit aggression if he persists

-will allow the stallion to have close contact if he doesn't exhibit sexual behaviors

Front 69

Stallion response to stimulus mare

Back 69

-will show more of a vigorous response to mares in natural estrus than to ovariectomized mares or dummy mounts

Front 70

In what way are mares different than most ungulates/
-what is the possible reason for this

Back 70

-mares exhibit estrus behavior even during anovulatory periods

-due to release of estrogenic steroids form the adrenal cortex
-allows for the display of sexual behavior throughout the year in order to maintain social structure and keep a stallion around

Front 71

Boar
-behavior that impacts estrus response in gilts

Back 71

-chant
-salivate profusely
-nuzzle the flank
-head-rest on back

Front 72

Boars
-when collecting semen for the first time, what is important?

Back 72

-making the experience pleasant

Front 73

Boars
-how to instill sexual confidence

Back 73

-calm, quiet
-can't hurry the first meeting
-good floor footing
-don't put in with a group of gilts that can beat up the boar or a large sow
-put with a gilt of similar size

Front 74

Boar
-preference in sows during pen mating

Back 74

-some sows in estrus are not mated if other sows in estrus are available
-boars won't breed all available sows, but can breed a few sows multiple times

*reason for hand breeding and AI instead of pen breeding

Front 75

Sow/Gilt
-necessity to show estrus behavior

Back 75

-male presence

Front 76

Sow/gilt
-how to have them interact with the boar

Back 76

-take the sow/gilt to the boar

Front 77

Mating stance
-define

Back 77

-sow/gilt standing immobile with back arched and ears erect

Front 78

Dog
-where should mating take place

Back 78

-male's territory

or

-neutral site if the dog is an experienced breeder

Front 79

Dog
-natural mating

Back 79

-bring the b!tch to the dog every other day once proestrus is identified

Front 80

Dogs
-when is the male attracted to the female

Back 80

-proestrus
-estrus
-diestrus

Front 81

Dogs
-when does sexual behavior start

Back 81

-when the male approaches the female and investigates the anal-genital area

Front 82

Dogs
-what will happen if the female is not in estrus?
-not in estrus?

Back 82

In estrus
-sit down and growl at the male

Not in estrus
-flag her tail and assume mating position

Front 83

Dogs
-when does the penis become erect?

Back 83

-after penetration
-have an os penis

Front 84

Canine Mating
-the "tie"

Back 84

-after ejaculation the dog steps over the b!tch and assumes a posterior-to-posterior position
-bulus gland is swollen and musculature of the vulva is constricted to a form a tie
-tie lasts for a few minutes to over an hour