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319 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In hich species do the ladies feel randy after seeing a male for the first time in a month?
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Sheep and goat
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True or false. Sheep and goats are both seasonal breeders, therefore they have a transition period.
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True
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Who acts horny but is just wasting semen because theres no eggs gonna ovulate during her transition period?
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Goat. That tease.
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True or false. Ewes will a behavior estrus but wont ovulate during their transition period.
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False. They have a silent heat but they do ovulate.
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With which two drugs could we synchronize both goats and sheep?
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Progestins in th vag (CIDR or sponges) followed by eCG to stimulate estrus
(were using eCG to act as FSH and stimulate estrus, NOT to cause superovulation) |
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How is sheep pregnancy maintained?
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P4 production by the fetoplacental unit.
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Which small R relies on the CL throughout her pregnancy, tyerefore should never be given prostaglandin unless we know shes not pregnant?
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Doe, a goat, a female GOAT
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Why are Angoras likely to abort 90-120 days of preg?
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Cause theyre so concerned with making me a beautiful sweater, they forget to save some energy for their babys health.
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How can we support an Angoras health during late pregnancy?
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Shear her beautiful coat a couple weeks before kidding, and make sure to feed her well and keep her stressed free.
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A ewe is out on the hills all by herself, baa-ing and bumping into shit. Your client tells you she was having a seizure the night before. Whats wrong with her?
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Too many babies inside her = pregnancy toxemia! (ketones)
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What are the two main organisms to cause epididymitis in rams?
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Brucella ovis and Actino seminis)
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What is a cloud burst?
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A burst of cloudy liquid in the uterus (ok it may be clear) that mimics pregnancy.
Aka false pregnancy aka hydrometra |
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Some dudes goat has been pregnant for five months. Except shes not. Once you confirm that she is NOT pregnant, just has some water in her, how are you going to treat?
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Prostaglandin
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True or false. Ewes get false preg.
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False
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Why do we flush a ewe?
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So her body thinks its super healthy and increases its ovulation rate.
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Flush your Booroola down the toilet.
What do flushing and th Booroola gene have in common? |
They both increase ovulation rate.
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Why do sheep get dystocia--fetal malposition, oversize or small pelvix canal?
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Mostly because of fetal malposition, then small birth canal. Almost never because of the lamb being too big.
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When do most EED occur in cow?
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Before day 42
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When does ossification of th calf skeleton occur?
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I guess about 3 mos
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What are we gonna do with a cow that has mummies or macerated fetuses in her?
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Prob slaughter her, that uterus is not good anymire
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Whats more common--hydroallantois or hydrops amnion?
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Hydroallantois i think
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When does hydroallantois occur in cows?
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Last third of pregnancy
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Are placentomes palpable with hydroallantois?
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No the uterus is too full of water
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How do you induce calving in a cow with hydroallantois?
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Prostaglandin (or CCS if the calf is alive)
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What are we going to do with a cow after shes had hydrops allantois?
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Not breed her to the same bull (and keep in mind that she prob has low fertility now)
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When does vaginal prolapse occur in the cow?
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Late preg--2-4 weeks pre-partum
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Rising levels of what hormone may predispose to vaginalprolapse?
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Estrogens
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True or false. Pigs are seasonal and polyestrous.
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False--they are nonseasonal and polyestrous which means those things are pregnant all the time (lots of squaling piglets year round I guess)
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Whats the main cause of dystocia in pigs?
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Uterine inertia (uterus doesnt contract to push th babies out)
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Whats a less common cause of dystocia in a pig?
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Obstruction of the birth canal
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True or false. A sow basically drops the piglets out of her vag without even straining then pisses.
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True
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How do you get a sow to come bacj into heat after farrowing?
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Wean her litter. She will come into heat 5 days later
Lactation decreases her cycling, so dry her up and her body will get ready for the next pregnancy |
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Whens the refractory pwriod in a pig?
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Until day 12
So, from days 0-11 |
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How do you synchrinize sows?
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Estrogen
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When does a cow hump other cows?
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When shes in proestrus, NOT when shes in estrus.
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Who is in estrus--the cow thats humping or the cow thats letting her friends hump her?
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The cow who is standing to be mounted--this has always been the definition of estrus =)
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You want to short cycle cows with Cyclic endometritis aka "the whites"aka leucorrhoea (leuko = white).
Why? |
To get her out of the luteal phase (she can get infections during this period)
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Which drug causes lysis of the CL?
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Prostaglandin
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Which four drugs can you give to a cow to control ovulation?
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hCG
FSH eCG GnRH |
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True or false. The bovine CL is refractory to prostaglandin on days 0-5 and 17-21.
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True
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If a cycling cow is going to respond to prostaglandin (via luteolysis) when will she go back into heat?
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3-5 days after injection of prostaglandin
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To synchronize estrus in cattle, two injections of prpstaglandin are given _____ days apart.
What does this cause? |
11
3-5 days after the second injection, virtually the entire herd will be in estrus |
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After doing an 11 day apart prostaglandin injection in a group of heifers, when would you AI them?
What steps would you perform differently in ciws (vs heifers) |
72 and 96 hours after the second injection (3 and 4 days after the second injection).
This doesnt work as well in cows, so we might want to AI the group that comes into estrus after the first injection instead of giving them a second injection. |
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What is Cloprostenol?
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CloPROSTenol is a PROSTaglandin we use in cows
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You rectal palpate a group of cows. Whch ones are you going to give PGF2a to--the ones with or without a CL?
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With a CL--the purpose of prostaglandin is to induce luteolysis
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GnRH induces _________ in 65% of cows OR starts a new _______ _______.
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Ovulation
Follicular wave GnRH induces ovulation in 65% of cows or starts a new follicular wave. |
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When will you give the second injection of GnRH?
Whats it do? |
48 hours later.
Synchronizes ovulation of the new dominant follicle for the new estrus. |
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What does Co-Synch mean?
Advantage and disadvantage of this technique? |
It means do AI at the same time you give the second GnRH injection.
Advantage is you get it over with all at once Disadvantage is 37% conception rate vs 45% if you waited 16 hours to AI her. |
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How do progestins work to synchronize estrus?
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They suppress estrus via HPA axis.
Two days after you remove the progestin they go into heat. |
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A CIDR is progestin in the vag, therefore when you remove it (after 12 days of cooking in there) she will go into estrus in about two days.
What could we inject her with when we remove the CiDR to increase her estrus exhibition and conception? |
An injection of estrogen (which is the hormone of estrus)
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Why do we want to short cycle a cow with leucorrhoea?
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To bring her into the more resistent estrus phase
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What are two examples of economic loss in cattle breeding?
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A missed heat and AI during the luteal phase (both result in a wasted cycle)
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You see two lesbian cows in the barn. Which one is in heat?
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The one who stands ti be mounted, not the one doing the mounting.
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If we are observing for heat, continuous observation would be best, but well settle for someone observing for it ____ times a day
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3
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How long should an observer spend looking at the cows to see if theyre in heat?
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At least 20 min three times a day
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When does most mounting activity take place?
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At night. Just like humans.
Make sure someone is observing them late at night and early in the morning. Imagine your job was to wake up at 4 every morning to see cows in action? |
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When does bovine ovulation occur in relation to estrus?
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AFTER estrus ends!
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During which days of the cow cycle is she producing progesterone (ie what days is she in diestrus)?
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5-17, then her CL pops and she goes into proestrus
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True or false. Waves of follicles deverlop under the control of gonadotrophins until one dominant follicle grows up to be a future baby calf.
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True, one will mature into a Graafian follicle.
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After giving the two prostaglandin inj 11 days apart, when ca you AI the cow?
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You can either observe for estrus and AI her 12 hrs later (morning/evening rule) or you can do timed AIs at 72 +/- 96 hours after the scond injection.
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What will do GnRH injection do to a cows cycle, depending on the stage of the follicular wave?
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It will either induce ovulation of an alreeady mature follicle, or it will advance the next wave of follicular development.
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Ov Synch basically gives GnRH (to make sure the cow ovulates) then prostaglandin (to czuse luteolysis and put everyone back at day "17") so that on day "19" we can give her another shot of GnRH to induce ovulation and be rady to breed her 3 days later.
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I guess thats confusing but it pretty much makes sense if you look on pg 3 of ayliffes powerpoints for Control of Bovine Estrous Cycle packet...last slide on the page
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When will a cow have better conception rates--with fixed time AI or natural estrus?
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Natural estrus of course, were just too impatient to let them do their own thing
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After withdrawal of a progestin implant (eg CIDR) when will you bred the cow?
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You can either observe her for heat over the next three days and follow the morning/evening rule, or you can do a fixed time AI at 72 +/- 96 hours.
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Abiut hiw many days do we leave vaginal peogesti implants in?
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12 days (this is true for the CIDR and PRID, screw the others)
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What are four pathological conditions of pregnancy that wed want to terminate?
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Hydroallantois
Hydroamnios Fetal mummification Fetal maceration |
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Why do we do ovariectomies on heifers going to the feedlot?
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To guarantee theyre not pregnant.
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Why might we terminate pregnancy in a heifer being sent to feedlot?
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We dont want pregnant animals in the feedlots
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What are three examples of mismating, which would result in us terminating the pregnancy?
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Wrong bull
Heifer too young to have a baby Heifer being sent to feedlot |
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What is maintaining pregnancy for the first 150 days?
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The CL
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Why does ovariectomy during thr first five months of gestation result in abortion?
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Because during the first five months (150 days = 5 mos), the CL is reaponsible for the progesterone that maintains pregnancy.
No ovary = no CL = no pregnancy |
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When the placenta takes over progesterone secretion, does the CL regress?
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No, it sticks around and then during the last month of gestation it takes over progesterone secretion again.
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Why doesnt ovariectomy after 200 days gestation cause abortion?
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Because the placenta has taken over progesterone secretion.
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I really dont know why we would do thism but if we ovariectomize a cow after 200 days gestation, what will the result be on calving?
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Gestation is shortened by two weeks.
Dystocia and retained placenta are more likely. |
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Are progesterone levels higher or lower following an ovariectomy (if it was performed after 200 days of gestation)?
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Lower
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What level is progesterone between during gestation?
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6-15 ng/ml
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What is making progesterone days 150-250 of gestation?
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Mostly the placenta
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How long is a cow pregnant for?
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270-295 days (about nine months)
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What secretes most of the orogesterone after day 250 ofmpregnancy in the cow?
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Mostly the CL
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Does progesterone increase or decrease during e last month of gestation?
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Gradually decreases dueing the last month of gestation
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What levels of progesterone are NOT hospitable for pregnancy?
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Under 1 ng/ml
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What is the most important thing to know to induce abortion (or parturition)??
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You have to know whats producing thr majority of the progesterone at the time....remember pregnancy is not sustained without progesterone!
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What is the most common way od terminating pregnancy--physical or chemical methods?
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Chemical of course
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What are the four drugs used to terminate pregnancy in the cow?
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Prostaglandin
Glucocorticoids Estrogen Oxytocin |
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What are four ways to physically termimate pregnancy?
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Pop the amniotic vesicle
Decapitate the fetus between 65-90 days Infuse the uterus with someting mean Remove (enucleate) the CL |
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Wen does the CL start to become sensitive to prostaglandin?
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5-7 days after estrus (once metestrus ends)
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True or false. The CL is sensitive to prostaglandin throughout oregnancy but will only terminate pregnancy during the first 150 days and the last month of preg.
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True
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Why does prostaglandin only terminate oregnancy in the first 150 days and last month of pregnancy?
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Because thats when the CL is the main producer of progesterone.
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How would you induce abortion days 150-250 of pregnancy in the cow?
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Glucocorticoids with prostaglandin
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When do glucocorticoids given alone terminste pregnancy in a cow?
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During the last month of pregnancy (as long as the calf is alive I thought I read somewhere?)
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If you were to read a history book on cow drugs (?!) what would it say about oxytocin?
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Thst when given within 2-7 days after estrus it interferes with CL formation...
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Do we use estrogen to terminate pregnancy in cows?
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Not really...they say it causes luteolysis and abortion in cows up to 150 days pregnant (or may speed induction of parturition when given with glucocorticoids) but I dont think they bother using it anymore
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Something about New Zealand means we want cows to only calf during a certain season.
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Therefore we will induce parturition sometimes. Idk
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If a petite cow was bred to a big ol bull that likes to make big ol babies, what might we do during late gestation?
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Induce parturition so we dont give it the chance to grow too big and kill the cow on the way out
(remember fetal oversize is a huge (haha) peoblem in cows) |
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What are the three methods of inducing parturition in the cow?
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Lpng acting CCS
Short acting CCS prostaglandin |
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Which do we inject earlier, short or long-acting CCS?
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Long-acting CCS we inject a month before parturition, vs short is within 2 weeks of calving date
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Which results in a lower risk of calf mortality--long or short-acting CCS?
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Short acting CCS are safer for the baby
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The following are long? Or short acting CCS?
Dexamethasone Flumethasone Betamwthasone |
Theyre short acting CCS
(the short acting CCS have short names that all end in methasone, vs the long acting which have ridiculous names like Dexamethasone trimethylacetate Triamcinolone acetonide Flumethasone suspension Betamethasone suspension |
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Because the long-acting CCS are long-acting, they have to be mixed in an ester or suspension.
True or false |
True
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Does prostaglandin have similar results to short or long-acting CCS?
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Short
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Calves born more than ____ weeks premature have a reduced viability, so an accurate due date is important.
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2
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What kind of organism is Tritrichomonas foetus?
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Protozoan
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What is the ascending pattern of disease associated with T foetus?
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Vaginitis -- cervicitis -- endometritis -- pyometra -- placentitis -- embryonic death -- infertility or abortion -- death of cow (slaughter because she cant make babies anymore)
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True or false. Bulls have CS of T foetus.
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False. They sre asymptomatic carriers of T foetus
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What is the firat sign of a T foetus problem in a herd?
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Repeat breederass
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The previpus card was supposed to sat repeat breeders.
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Repeat breeders is the first sign of a T foetus outbreak that youll notice
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What is the most common effect of T foetus?
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Early embryonic death
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What is the first indication of a T foetus outbreak in a herd?
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Cows coming back into heat during the breeding season
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How is T foetus transmitted?
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By an infected carrier bull....guys are assholes
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Where does T foetus grow in the cow?
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Her vag and uterus
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True or false. There is no difference in the colonization of T foetus in young vs older bulls.
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False there is a difference
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So you know how old men get wrinkly ball sacs? (Or so we hear). Well, old bulls get wrinkly inner laminae. What effect does this have on T foetus?
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The inner lamina of the prepuce will get all rough and shit, causing persistent carrier status.
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Why do younger bulls have only a transient T foetus infection?
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Because their inner lamina is smooth and shiny, and he organism falls off or something. Its a good thing.
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Who are the reservoirs for infection of cows with Tritrichomonas foetus?
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Fucking bulls
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Whats the most common effect of T foetus infection in cows?
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Early embryonic death
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Whats a nickname for Trich foetus?
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Trick!
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If a cow has Trick and there was an early embroyonic death of her first three fetuses, would she calve with everyone else in the herd?
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No, she would conceive later in the season and as a reault calve late.
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Does Trick cause early or late abortion?
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Early
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Is Trick a systemic disease in cows?
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No. Only genital disease in cows (vs T suis in pigs, which affects the GI and respiratory systems)
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Who are we going to test for Tritrichomonas foetus?
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Bulls
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What test do we run to detect Trttrichomonas foetus?
Where do we collect the sameple from? |
Culture From a scraping/flushing of the preputial cavity
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True or false. Treatment of T foetus is illegal.
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Yeah pretty much. All the drugs that would treat it are illegal in bovine.
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How many times do you have to repeat culture for T foetus?
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3x...only 80% sensitivity so you need multiple cultures to find all the positive bulls
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Whats ypur approach for a young vs old bull that cultures positive for T foetus?
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Young will self-cure so give him some time.
Old bulls harbor the infection for life, so send him to slaughter. |
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Whats the deal with the T foetus vx?
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It hastens (speeds up) recovery--it does NOT prevent infection.
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If the T foetus vx, Trichguard, considered a core vaccine?
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No, its still a new concept
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How is Campylobacter fetus, venerealis spread?
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Spread by infected bulls when they mate ausceptible cows
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True or false. Trick and Campylobacter result in the same pattern of infertility in cows, with the exception that Campy causea more pyometra.
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False. Same except Trick causes more pyometras
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Which results in early abortions, Trick or Campy?
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Trick. Campy results in mid-gestational abortion
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During which months is a cow likely to abort if shes infected with Campylobacter?
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4-7th months
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When does immunity develop against Campylobacter in cows?
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After the initial endometritis or abortion.
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Like Trick, Campy campsmout on the bulls prepuce. True or false
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True
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What CS does a bull with Campylobacter show?
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None
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Do bulls remain persistently infected with Campy?
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They may
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How do you diagnose Campy?
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Culture the bull
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Which is more difficult--culturing Tritrichomonas or Campy?
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Campylobacter is more difficult to xulture.
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What sample can you collect for culture if you suspect a COW has campylobacter?
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Her cervical mucus (look for IgA)
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How do we treat cows and bulls with Campylobacter?
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A vaccine! (we used to use antibiotics but the vx works)
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True or false. Vaccination against Campylobacter is effective in both cows and vulls, and is the TREATMENT of choice.
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True
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Which is more devastating to the wallet--a single cow aborting or an abortion storm?
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An abortion storm of course.
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What is THE most common cause for abortion?
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Unknown! Undetermined.
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True or false. Neospora is becoming responsible for more and more aboerions over the past few years.
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True
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The mishandling of which disease is the #1 cause of vets getting in trouble.
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Brucella
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Which 4 bacterial causes of abortion in cows are zoonotic?
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Listeria
Leptospira Brucella Coxiella burnetti |
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A cow aborts in the field. All her friends walk up to the fetus and sniff it, some eat pieces of it too.
This is an example of what kind of transmission? |
Horizontal
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Which soecies of Lepto is responsible for the most abortions in N American cattle?
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Lepto borg-petersenii, serovar hardjo
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What appears to be the most prevalwnt bocine lepto in the US?
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Lepto borg-petersenii, hardjo
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Is there a vaccine available for Lwepto borg-petersenii hardjo?
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Yes, a monovalent bacterin is available
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Why is there only a short-lived immunity from bacterin vaccines?
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Because a bacterin is a DEAD bacteria, and dead bugs dont stimulate th immune system as much.
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What is an important transmissionnof Lepto?
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Its shed in the urine
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When does bovine viral diarrhea cause abortion?
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If BVD infects the fetus during thr first half of gestation, its more likely to cause abortion.
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What causes a persistently infected cow?
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Fetal exposure, and it survived
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Do PI cows shed the virus?
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Yes, they shed billions of viral particles a day
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How do we diagnose PI calves?
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Do an ear notch test
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Which BVD do PI calves have?
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They have the NCP BVD
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What is fatal mucosal disease?
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Its when a PI gets infected with the CP strain of BVD and dies
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Wy is IBR aka Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis called a "death ray" for bovine fetuses?
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Because it comes thru and causes a quick clean death of the fetus...they never even saw it coming.
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What is the major syndrome in bovine with IBR--respiratory disease and aboetions, or the infectious pustular disease on their vag?
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Resp and aboriom
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True or false. Peracute necrosis of fetal organs causes death within two days, in cows with IBR.
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True
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We always have to know abput herpes for therio.
What is bovine herpesvirus-1 also calles? |
Infectious bocine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
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True or false. IBR is an uncommon cause of viral abortion.
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False.
IBR is one of the most frequently diagnosed viral causes of abortion in cattle. |
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Which virus may cause infertility, endometritis, and oophoritis in cattle?
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Bovine herpes-1 or IBR
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Whoch virus can cause infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis?
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Bovine herpes-1 or baloposthitis
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What are the gross changes youll see in a fetus aborted due to bovine herpes-1?
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You wont see much, remember this virus kills them quick and doesnt leave much evidence behind... You might see some red stuff
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CS are not always present in cows infected with IBR, but if they are what are they?
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Respiratory diseae and conjunctivitis
Rudolph the red nosed hereford had a very herpy nose, and when the feti saw it they would scream and say Im Dead! |
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A farmer calls you up and tells you his cows have got Red Nose. What is he talking about?
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IBR aka herpes-1
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Is their a vaccine for bocvine herpes-1?
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Yeah
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What kind of organism is Neospora caninum?
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Protozoan
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True or false. The cow is the direct host for Neopsora.
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False. Its the intermediate host I dont even know what a direct host means anymore
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How do cows get Neospora?
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From eating dog shit
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How do cows get Toxoplasma?
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From eating cat shit
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Is vertical transmission of Neospora typical? Ie, would there be transplacental infection?
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Yes, and it may cause abortion or a PI calf.
Neospora is becoming a major cause of abortion in cattle. |
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Is there a reliable vaccine available for Neospora?
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Idk. There was one recently made but its still being tested.
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What should you do with cows that test seropositive for Neopsora?
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Cull them
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What should you do with cows that are seronegative for Neospora?
|
Vaccinate them
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What happens when a fetus is infected with Neospora?
|
It either dies or becomes persistently infected.
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You sre in the necropsy room and come across a thick leathery olacenta. What caused it?
|
Mycotic abortions cause a thick leathery placenta!
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True or false. Inhalation of funus is a more common cause of abortion than ascending vaginal infection.
|
False... Ascending infectionsof the genital tract is assumed to be a common route of infection, not respiratory.
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The most consistent finding with mycotic abortion is:
|
Severe placentitis with necrosis of the cotyledons and leathery thickening of the intercotyledonary space
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What kind of lesions do some fetuses have when theyve been killed by mycoses?
|
Skin lesions in 25% of them
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Whats the #1 fungus?
|
Aspergillus fumigatus
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Is there a control program in place for brucella?
|
Yes
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Is the a control program in place for Aspergillus fumigatus?
|
No
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Where is Epizootic Bovine Abortion prevalent?
|
In the foothills of Cali
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Which disease is transmitted by the soft Argasid tick (Ornithodorus)?
|
Epizootic Bovine Abortion
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Which cattle does Epizootic Bovine Aboetion affect?
|
The beef cattle of California and Nevada
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Gossypol is found in which plant?
|
Cotton seed
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Is scrotal circumference a good indicator of onset of puberty?
|
Yes! Of the bull itself and his half-sisters too (weird I know)
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Why dont we want small testicles?
|
They dont make as much sperm, theres increased degeneration of the seminiferous tubules, and small testes ofteneans theres a pathological problem.
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We want bulls scrotal circumference to be within ___ standard deviation from the minimum standard.
|
1
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SC is ______ _________ between different vets.
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Highly repeatable!!
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True or false. Semen density and volume a part of the bull breeding soundness exam.
|
False
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Why isnt the volume of semen an accurate indicator and therefore isnt part of the bull BSE?
|
Because with an electroejaculator you could basically get as much volume out as you want....
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What is the only bull we use the artifical vagina on?
|
The bull stud.... Others cant be trained to use it.
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Whats the most common method collecting semen from a beef bull at a farm?
|
Electroejaculation
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Whats the most common method of collecting sperm from a bull stud at a stud facility?
|
Artifical vagina...theyre trained to fuck the fake thing
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How do we stain to evaluate sperm morphology?
What magnification do we use to evaluate it? |
A negative stain (eosin-nigrosin)
1000x oil immersion |
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When there are more than _____% sperm in motion with orogressive motility, what is the score?
|
Very good
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|
Progesterone levels fall during the last month of pregnancy, with accelerated decrease in the last 2-3 days.
Does progesterone inhibit (hyperpolarize) or induce myometrial contractions? |
Progesterone keeps the uterus nice and still during pregnancy so the baby can rest and grow inside.
As progesterone levels decrease toward the end of pregnancy, the myometrium can start contracting again. |
|
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Estrogen levels in maternal plasma ______ in the last month of pregnancy.
|
Increase because the progesterone is converted to estrogen (via 17a hydroxylase)
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When does a cow cycle more/better? During lactation or at weaning.
|
At weaning PRL decreases and FSH, LH, and estrogen increase = more oocytes.
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True or false. Prolactin inhibits gonadotrophin and therefore decreases cycling.
|
True
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Which two hormones rise at the end of gestation, softening the cervix?
|
Estrogen and prostaglandin
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Does insulin have a positive or negative effect on cycling?
|
More insulin = more cycling
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What magnification to evaluate gross motility of sperm?
|
100x on a warm slide
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What magnification to evaluate individual sperm motility?
|
400x on a warm slide
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What magnification to evaluate sperm morphology?
|
100x oil immersion
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Where do primary vs secondary sperm originate from?
|
Primary from testicle during spermatogenesis
Secondary from epididymis or at ejaculation |
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Proximal vs distal cytoplasmic droplets--what spwrm get them?
|
Primary sperm get proximal droplets, and secondary get distal.
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True or false. Major defects are usually "primary" defects.
|
True
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What percentage of normal spermatozoa is acceptable?
|
At least 70%
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Name five primary sperm defects
|
1. Head shape and nuclear vacuoles
2. Acrosomal defects 3. Middlepiece defects 4. Tail defects due to structural abnormalities 5. Prox cytoplasmic droplets MATH P |
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What are three secondary defects of spermatozoa?
|
1. Detached heads
2. Kinked tails 3. Distal cytoplasmic droplets |
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What are the three parameters of the bull BSE which he should be "satisfactory" for?
|
SC, Motility, % normal spermatozoa
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Which accessory sex glands are palpable in the bull?
|
Ampulla and seminal vesicles
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What are the predisposing factors for development of preputial prolapse (without laceration)
|
Abnormal retractor penis muscles (cant pull it in)
After hematoma Normal when Zebus pee |
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Why does Preputial laceration result in prolapse?
|
Injury --> edema --> prevents retraction --> persistent prolapse which may be re-injured while its hanging out wherre it doesnt belong.
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In surgival handling of the preputial laceration or prolapse, which three things result in a BETTER outcome?
|
Better if penis can be extended during sx
Better with resection (vs amp) Better when done under GA |
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A persistent frenulum is when the ventral midline of the penis distal to the fornix is attached to the _______ ________.
|
Inner lamina
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|
|
Where does a bulls penis rupture?
|
Distal bend of the sigmoid flexure
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|
Where does blood pool in the case of a hematoma of the penis aka broken penis?
|
In the subq space between the preputial orifice and the scrotum.
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True or false. The prepuce will prolapse with both preputial laceration and broken penis.
|
True
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|
|
Why do we want to repair a broken penis before 7 days?
|
Because after 7 days there will be fibrosis and scarring and you xould cause further damage at that point by cutting it.
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|
A broken penis could damage which nerve?
|
Dorsal nerve of the penis
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|
Whats another name for the dorsal ligament of the penis?
|
Apical ligament
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|
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Whats another name for the apical ligament of the penis?
|
Dorsal ligament
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|
The apical ligament can have a number of deviations. Name them (3)
|
Too short --> S
Too long --> rainbow Spiral |
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|
If the dorsal ligament is too short, what will the penis look like?
|
An S
|
|
|
Who gets spiral penis?
|
Older bulls
|
|
|
What kind of surgical approach would you use to treat apical ligament abnormalities leading to a deviated penis?
|
Use a fascia lata implant
|
|
|
What is the most common surface neoplasm of the bull penis?
|
Fibropapilloma
(not SCC like in stallions) |
|
|
True or false. Fibropapillomas typically cause phimosis.
|
False....theyre usually much too small to cause the penis to get stuck inside.
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|
|
What cell produces sperm? What cell produces testosterone?
|
Sertoli mskes sperm.
Leydig makes testosterone (via LH...LL) |
|
|
______________________________ if the morphological evidence of epididymal maturation and means the sperm can have normal motility and fertilization.
|
Distal shift of the proximal cytoplasmic droplet
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|
|
When is the distal droplet normally found on spermatozoa?
|
In the body and tail of the epididymis
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|
|
When is the distal seoplet typically lost?
|
In ejaculate, when it mixes with seminal plasma.
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|
|
Presence of a distal droplet indicates:
|
Recent metabolic stress to the epididymis OR defective mixing with seminal plasma
|
|
|
Proximal ctyoplasmic drop indicates
|
Abnormal spermatogenesis
OR abnormal epididymal maturation |
|
|
DKD are considered minor defects of sperm. What are they
|
Distal droplet
Detached head (no big deal?!) Kinked tail |
|
|
True or false. A kinked tail means the is spermatic pathology.
|
False. It could be a minor defect OR it could just be due to poor semen handling
|
|
|
Vacuoles in the nucleus are actually collections of _____
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
|
Whats the diadem defect?
|
Cytoplasmic craters along the equatorial circumference of the nuclear head resembling a crown of jewels
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|
|
You are looking at a semen sample that contains spermatozoan with lifted outer acrosomal membrane and absence of the dense acrosomal ridge.
What do you suspect? |
The sperm died since they left the vulls body
|
|
|
Is a knobbed acrosome associated with infertility or does it just happen when the sperm die?
|
Infertility. Its a vacuole (or inclusion) in the acrosome.
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|
|
Describe the Dag defect
|
Its a classic folding and coiling of the distal midpiece
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|
If the midpiece is disrupted or theres a tail abnormality involving the midpiece, its considered a __________ abnormality.
|
Major (MATH P)
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|
|
True or false Trilostane will cause progesterone levels to drop.
|
True
|
|
|
Estrogen levels rise in the last month of pregnancy. Where is it coming from?
|
Placenta
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|
|
Cortisol from the fetus induces which enzyme to change P4 production into estrogen production?
|
17a hydroxylase
|
|
|
Estrogens stimulate what 3 things around the time of birth?
|
1. Prostaglandin release
2. Myometrial contractions 3. Softening of the cervix Makes sense if you want to be pushing a baby out soon |
|
|
True or false. Prostaglandins are ecbolic.
|
True
|
|
|
Which two hormones make the cervix soft before parturition?
|
Estrogen and prostaglandin
|
|
|
Presentation refers to the ______ axis of the calf.
What are the three presentations? |
Anterior
Posterior Transverse |
|
|
Whats the normal POSITION of a calf during birth?
|
Dorsal dorsal
|
|
|
True or false. Posture refers only to the attitude of the limbs of the animal.
|
False. Posture refers to the attitude of both the head and the limbs.
|
|
|
What is the word to describe what were doing to fix a dystocia?
|
Mutation...
|
|
|
Define deformation
|
The act of correcting a dystocia
|
|
|
I just defined deformation wrong. Define deformation the right way
|
The act of the calf in assuming the normal "diving" position for birth
|
|
|
True or false. Mutation is the correction of dystocia by changing presentation, position, or posture for easier delivery.
|
True
|
|
|
Whats the difference between presentation, position, and posture?
|
Presentation = longitudinal axis
Position = dorsal dorsal Posture = extremities (head and limbs) |
|
|
True: Cut up the axilla (not down) when performing a fetotomy
|
True
|
|
|
True: Include the tail to ensure the trochanter is included when removing the HL.
|
True
|
|
|
What two bones make up the pelvic floor?
|
Pubis cranially and ischium caudally.
|
|
|
Where are the ovaries found?
|
On the cranial aspect of the broad ligament near the point of the angle formed by the iliac shaft and pelvic brim
|
|
|
What kind of texture does a CL have?
|
Homogenous, meaty, liver-like
|
|
|
What is the raised crown on the CL called?
|
Papilla
|
|
|
Is a CL smooth or bumpy?
|
Smooth
|
|
|
Which has more crepitus--CL or CH?
|
CH
|
|
|
True or false. The CL distorts the shapel of the ovary
|
True
|
|
|
A follicle has to be ______ mm in order for ovulation to occur.
A follicle over _______ mm is considered pathological. |
15 for ovulation
25 = pathological |
|
|
When is the cow uterus soft and floppy?
|
During diestrus
|
|
|
What kind of uterine tone would you expect with cystic ovarian disease?
|
Flaccid
|
|
|
Both follicular and luteal cysts cause the cow to go into anestrus.
|
True
|
|
|
You would treat a leutenized cyst with ______. Would the cyst lyse?
|
Prostaglandin and yes it would
(follicular cysts dont lyse after treatment with GnRH, they just shrink and she goes back to cycling) |
|
|
Heat syress predominantly affects older cows (vs heifers) that are lactating.
Which stage embryo is most affected by heat stress? |
Day 1 and 2 embryos
|
|
|
With heat stress, blood flow to the uterus DECREASES, resulting in an INCREASED uterine temperature. True or false
|
True
|
|
|
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled structure greater than _______ cm diameter on the ovary.
|
2.5
|
|
|
You palpate/ultrasound a cow that is 20 days post-partum. She has a 3 cm cyst on her right ovary.
Is it acceptable to leave her for another couple weeks to see if itll regress o its own? |
Yes, if less than 30-35 days post-partum, they can be left because they might regress spontaneously.
|
|
|
Which has a thinner wall--luteal or follicular cysts?
|
Follicular cysts
|
|
|
How do you treat a cow with a follicular cyst?
|
GnRH +/- prostaglandin 10 days later
|
|
|
At which temepratures are cows happy?
|
4-24 degrees C
|
|
|
True or false. Fertilization rates are normal in heat stressed ciws, but day 5-6 embryos are affected most by the heat.
|
False. Fertilization rates are normal in heat stressed cows, but day 1-2 embryos are affected most by the heat.
|
|
|
Does heat stress result in prostaglandin release or recognition of pregnancy?
|
Prostaglandin release
|
|
|
How many times do they have to return to heat in one season to be considered a repeat breeder?
|
3-4??
|
|
|
How long is the cow cycle?
|
21 (18-24)
|
|
|
Is acute endometritis a condition of cows?
|
Not really...mostly in mares
|
|
|
Follicular cysts would result in shortened or lengthened inter-estrus intervals?
|
Shortened
|
|
|
EED after the IFN-tau signal reaults in shortened or lengthened inter-estrous intervals?
|
Lengthened
|
|
|
What are three main causes of anestrus in heifers?
|
Prepuberty
Nutrition Tract abnormalities (congenital) |
|
|
What are two main causes of anestrus in adult cows?
|
COD and lactational anestrus
|
|
|
True or false. A repeat breeder is a cow bred 3+ times unsuccessfully.
|
True
|
|
|
What can lead to a pyometra?
|
A retained CL
|
|
|
Follicular cysts may cause nymphomania, but the main sign is:
|
Anestrus
|
|
|
Whats the most common cause of anestrus in heifers?
|
Freemartins per Ayliffe one day
|
|
|
How long is the voluntary wairing period?
|
50 days
|
|
|
Whats the definition of puerperium?
|
The postpartum phase of return to normal cyclicity
|
|
|
What is post-partum uterine discharge called?
|
Lochia
|
|
|
When does the uterus start involuting?
|
After 4 days
|
|
|
When is the uterus usually done involuting in dairy ciws?
|
41 days
|
|
|
True or false. Lactational anestrus is not long in dairy cows--they usually return to cyclicity by 25 days postpartum
|
True
|
|
|
All cows are INFECTED post-partum, but not all become inflamed.
Some will throw off infection at the first post-partum estrus. |
True
|
|
|
What does the voluntary waiting period mean?
|
Its how much rest you decide to give a cow after she popped her baby out before breeding her again (50 days).
|
|
|
How long does the placenta have to stay inside the cow before we call it a retained placenta?
|
6-12 hours
|
|
|
Retained fetal membranes results in an expensive cow that may develop metritis.
|
True
|
|
|
Pemature births, dystocia, c-sections, and dairy cattle all have an increased risk of ______
|
Retained placenta
|
|
|
What is the conservative and non-conservative treatment of retained fetal membranes?
|
Conservative = cut them out
Non-conservative = leave for 3 days and once it starts necrosing, cut it out... |
|
|
Purulent infections of the bovine genital tract typically caused by:
|
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
|
|
|
How many layers of the uterus does metritis infect?
|
All of them
|
|
|
True or false. Metritis can cause a downer cow.
|
True. Aw
|
|
|
Cows with pyometra are in anestrus and have a retained CL. What is a specific agent we learned causes pyometra in cows?
|
Tritrichomonas foetus
|
|
|
A cow with endometritis is not going to cat sick, and will cycle normally.
What will we give her to short cycle her and bring about the more resistent estrus phase? |
Prostaglandin
|
|
|
Which hormone makes the uterus "resistant" to infection?
|
Estrogen
|
|
|
Why might accidental insemination during the luteal phase predispose to uterine infection?
|
Because under the influence of progesterone, the uterus is more susceptible to infection.
|
|
|
You feel a big doughy uterus, and see pus inside it on ultrasound. What do you susoect to palpate on the ovary?
|
CL (she has pyometra)
|
|
|
When a cow has a fetid watery red-brown uterine discharge within 21 days post-partum, shes got _________.
When shes got pus int he uterus after 21 days post-partum, shes got ______ |
Metritis = first three weeks post-partum
Endometritis = 3+ weeks post-partum |
|
|
Whats the farmer gonna call it when his cows in estrus and passing mucus due to endometritis?
|
The whites (its leucorrhoea)
|
|
|
What three bacteria are most imoortant in uterine infections in the cow?
|
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Bacteroides Arcanobacterium pyogenes |
|
|
Progesterone --> immunosuppression and a uterus that isnt contracting. Therefore they are prone to:
|
Infection
|
|
|
What four things does estrogen result in, which makes the uterus resistant to infection?
|
1. Increases epithelial barriers
2. Increases uterine blood flow 3. Increases cervical mucus production 4. Immune enhancing processes |
