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253 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GnRH in males
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Cause increase in testosterone. Test for presence of testicles.
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GnRH
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Causes release of LH. Lyses follicles=treat cystic ovaries. Induce mare ovulation/bitch estrus
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eCG
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Equine Chrionic Gonatropin. (PMSG)
From the endotrial cups. LH acting in mare, FSH in others. |
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hCG
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Acts like LH. |
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Prostaglandin E2
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Relaxation of the cervix
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Prostaglandin F2α
(Lutalyse(R), Estrumate(R)) |
Luteolysis & smooth muscle contraction.
Induce ovulation(if imminent in mares) Induce abortion in bitches & queens. |
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Oxytocin
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UTERINE CONTRACTION & MILK LETDOWN.
Produced in the hypothalamus & stored in the posterior pituitary. |
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Prolactin
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Target cells in the mammary gland for lactation.
Supports CL's in the queen & bitch. |
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FSH in the male
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Support the seminiferous tubules by action on the Sertoli cells
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LH
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Induces OVULATION and luteinization of the theca interna cells.
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Progesterone
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Produced by the CL
Responsible for maintaining the pregnancy (closing cervix, glandular development of uterus). |
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Corpus Luteum(CL)
(PL. Lutea) |
Previously a follicle after ovulation. Make progesterone from estrogen.
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Follicle
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Fluid-filled structure on the ovary, contains the soon to be ovulated oocyte.
Produces estrogen. |
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Gonadal Hormones
(Steroid Hormones) |
Estrogen
Progesterone Testosterone |
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
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LH
FSH Prolactin |
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones
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Produced by Hypothalamus, stored in Post. Pituitary
Oxytocin |
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Estrogen
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Produced by granulosal cells of follicle.
Causes standing behavior, opens cervix, increase vaginal epithelium thickness. |
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Therapeutic uses of FSH
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Induce superovalution in cows. (Embryo transfer).
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Therapeutic uses of Estrogen
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Cervical dilation, estrous behavior. Induce fertile heat in bitches.
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Therapeutic uses of Progesterone
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Close cervix, maintain pregnancy.
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Therapeutic uses of Testosterone
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Used for estrous control and/or stop lactation. By negative feedback on Pituitary.
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Therapeutic uses of Prolactin Inhibitors
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Dopamine agonists.
Cause abortion in bitches/stop lactation Cabergoline, bromocriptine |
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Therapeutic uses of Dopamine Antagonists
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Stimulate lactation (in mares with fescue toxicosis)
Domperidone, Metoclopramide |
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LH in males
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Stimulate Testosterone production by Leydig cells
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FSH
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Stimulates follicular development
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Therapeutic uses of Prostaglandin F2α
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Lyse CL: end Progesterone Phase, returns to heat cycle.
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Maintenance of pregnancy in mares.
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<40 days= Progesterone from primary CL
day 40-100 = eCG from endometrial cups day 100-330 = Estrogen from fetal gonads |
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Interestrous Period
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time from beginning of one estrus, to the beginning of the next
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Interestrous period of the bitch
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Average = 7 months
Min. - 120 days (4 months) Max. - 12 months |
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Proestrus in the bitch
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7-9 days
begins active estrous cycle. Vulva swells, hemorrhagic discharge from uterus, thickened vaginal epithelium. |
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Vaginal cytology of Proestrus
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Cornification of vaginal epithelium, RBCs from hemorrhage, & WBCs
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Behavior of bitch in Proestrus
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BITCH, "She will eat his face"
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Hormones of the bitch in Proestrus
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↑ estrogen,
↓LH, FSH Progesterone <1ng/ml |
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Duration of Proestrus
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7-9 day average
2-21 day range |
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Estrus behavior in the bitch
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Begins w/ the onset of standing behavior, ends when standing ends.
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Vaginal cytology of bitch in estrus
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Cornified epithelium predominates. no debris
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Hormones of the bitch in estrus
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LH & FSH peak @ beginning of estrus- induce ovulation
↑progesterone ↓estrogen |
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Standing in the bitch
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Occurs with intitial ↑ in progesterone. Requires both estrogen & progesterone.
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Duration of estrus
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Average 7-9 days
Range 2-21 days |
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Behavior of bitch in diestrus
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Stops standing, aggressive towards male advances. Pseudopregnancy
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Pseudopregnancy of bitch
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occurs after every estrus, if she doesn't get pregnant. last the duration of a normal pregnancy.
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vaginal cytology of bitch in diestrus
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non-cornified epithelium -fried eggs. no RBCs, lots o' WBCs early.
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Hormones of bitch in diestrus
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Rapid ↑ in progesterone, peaks @ day 21, decreases afterwards.
Prolactin present, & rises as progesterone fails. |
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Feline estrous cycle
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Seasonal breeders (long day)
induced ovulators |
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Proestrus in the queen
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↑estrogen, ↑activity, ↑vocalization
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Vaginal cytology of queen in Proestrus
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Not really done, may induce ovulation, too small anyway
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Estrus in the queen
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Vocalization, rolling, standing.
High estrogen. |
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Breeding of the queen
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copulation induces LH release
4+x to ensure ovulation |
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Diestrus in the Queen
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Only if induced to ovulate, but not pregnant lasts 40-45 days.
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Interestrus period in the queen
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Only in induced ovulators, when not induced to ovulate.
No estrogen or progesterone. Lasts 8-10 days. |
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Gestation in the queen
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gestation = 63 days (58-70), Luteal phase lasts 9 weeks.
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Anestrus in the queen
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Long day seasonal breeder, undergoes anestrus during winter months (unless kept indoors, under artifical light)
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Conditions caused by Brucella canis
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Abortion, Abortion, Abortion
infertility, orchitis/epididymitis, sick stillborn pups. |
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Diagnosis of Brucella infection
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rapid slide agglutination test, false positives.
AGID test to confirm + tests |
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Treatment of Brucella infection
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Euthanasia, or neuter and long-term antibotic therapy w/ streptomycin
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Conditions caused by Canine Herpesvirus
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Neonatal deaths-fading puppies
Abortion, stillbirths |
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Canine Herpesvirus
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cannot grow in adult b/c too hot, puppy Body temp lower. Only a concern if bitch never exposed=no immunity
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Critical time frame for herpes infection
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3 weeks pre-whelping, 3 weeks post-whelping
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Immunity to Canine herpesvirus
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will only cause problem in first litter exposed. afterwards, bitch has antibodies against & will clear infection and transmit protection to pups.
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Diseases of concern in feline
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FIP-Feline infectious peritonitis
Feline leukemia virus Feline panleukopenia |
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Feline Infectious Peritonitis
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Kitten mortality complex
causes fetal resorption, abortions, stillbirths, fading kittens |
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Felinve Leukemia Virus
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Causes Fetal resorption
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Feline Panleukopenia
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causes cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens
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Methods to diagnose pregnancy in B/Q
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Palpation
Radiograph Ultrasound Relaxin |
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Abdominal Palpations for Pregnancy (B/Q)
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21-28 days=string of pearls, after 30 days, too hard to distinguish between intestinal contents
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Radiography for Pregnancy (B/Q)
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Safe after day 40. usually done one week prior to parturition (skeletons more visible), only to count fetuses, not to diagnose.
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Ultrasound for Pregnancy (B/Q)
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Difficult to tell how many, but can confirm pregnancy & determine fetal viability. Fetal HR > 200 BPM if not stressed. Drops when stressed.
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Relaxin test (B)
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For canines. Relaxin produced by placenta, measurable after day 21.
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Management concerns of pregnant B/Q
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Exercise
Weight control Nutrition Birthing Area Pre-parturition Radiographs Body temp monitor |
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Exercise concerns during pregnancy (B/Q)
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Regular exercise important to maintain muscle tone, fewer dystocias. Less of an issue in cats.
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Weight control concerns during (B/Q)
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Overweight=more dystocias
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Nutritional concerns during pregnancy (B/Q)
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Balanced diet, No supplements (Ca especially), ↑ calories in last trimester, feed less, more often as fetuses take up abdomen.
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Whelping/Queening areas
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Out of high traffic areas, box with pig rails (prevent crushing), 1 week accustomization period, washable rug/blankets
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Preparturition radiographs
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one week prior, count fetuses to better manage, know how many are in there, so don't need to guess
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Body Temp monitor for Bitch
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take 2x/day, 1 week before due date, when temp drops (~98), whelping will be w/in 24 hours
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Gestation length for Bitch
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65 days from LH spike, 61-63 days from breeding
range=55-70 day |
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Gestation length for Queen
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63 day average
Range 58-70 |
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Problems during pregnancy B/Q
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Abnormal vaginal discharges,
Fetal wastage, Prolonged gestion, Uterine torsion |
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Abnormal vaginal discharges during pregnancy (B/Q)
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Hemorrhagic=may be sign of impending abortion, forced rest
Purulent=evaluate for pyometra |
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Causes of fetal wastage (B/Q)
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Trauma, heat, stress, viral, bacterial.
Treat with PGF2α, to evacuate uterus post-abortion |
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Prolonged gestation (B/Q)
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Make sure of breeding date, end of last estrus.
More common in pregnancies with only 1 fetus, can be from Ca supplement |
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Initiation of parturition (B/Q)
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drop in progesterone, coinciding drop in body temp (especially in bitch)
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First stage of parturition
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Preparation of uterus, cervical dilation
nesting behavior, nervousness |
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2nd stage of parturition
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Fetus enters pelvic canal, stimulates oxytocin release-contractions
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Interval between fetuses
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usually 30-60 minutes, inverene if active contractions longer than 1.5 hours or resting longer than 4
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Passing of fetus B/Q
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Amnion appears first, must be broken, by mom or help so don't suffocate. Mom eats placenta, breaks umbilical cord.
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3rd stage of parturition
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Passing of placenta
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Puerperium
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Period after parturition occurs. Involution of the uterus occurs
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Normal involution of uterus
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Lochia may persist 4-6 weeks,
Normally most expelled in 2 weeks. Brown/reddish, no odor |
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Management of damn post-partem (B/Q)
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Monitor vulvar discharges,
give unlimited feed/fresh H2O, start weaning young 3-4 weeks, reduce dam's feed |
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Care of newborns (B/Q)
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Ensure colostrum intake
poikilothermic for 1st 2 weeks (avoid drafts) Piling up, crying indicate problems Monitor weight gain for signs of problems |
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3 H's
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Hypothermia
Hypoglycemia Hypovolemia |
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Hypothermia
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Biggest killer of puppies
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Treatment of 3 H's
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warm up first, then feed & water.
If cold GI tract not working properly. |
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Weight gain of newborns (C)
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Should be ~ 10% of birth weight/day.
Should be monitored, can be 1st sign of real problem. |
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Postpartem diseases (B)
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Metritis
Mastitis Hypocalcemia Subinvolution of placental sites |
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Metritis (B)
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Inflammation of whole uterus.
Usually following abortion, dystocia (can be normal birth). Facilitated by retained placenta or fetal tissue, delayed uterine involution. |
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Signs of metritis (B)
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Vulvar discharge, fever, depression, neglect of pups
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Diagnosis of Metritis (B)
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Guarded swab for vaginal cytology
CBC |
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Treatment for Metritis (B)
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PGF2α to evacuate uterus
Antibiotics, Fluids, Supportive care |
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Mastitis (B)
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Enlarged, hot, painful mammary glands
Tends to reoccur in subsequent pregnancies |
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Treatment of Mastitis (B)
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Broad spectrum antibiotics, until culture/suseptibility tests return
Asprin/NSAIDs Strip & hot pack |
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Hypocalcemia (B)
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Eclampsia.
Can be nutritionally induced Panting, pacing, trembling |
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Treatment of eclampsia (B)
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IV Calcium gluconate
then oral calcuim through lactation. Wean if old enough or if reoccurs. |
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Subinvolution of placental sites (B)
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Placental sites that don't heal properly.
lead to postpartum bleeding. |
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Treatment for subinvolution of placental sites (B)
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Give PGF SC for 5 days. Repeat if bleeding persists.
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Options for estrus control (B)
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Ovaban
Cheque drops Testosterone Deslorelin |
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Ovaban
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Progestin-megestrol acetate
not for cats=can cause diabetes Daily oral tablets to prevent next estrus cycle 8 days @ 1st 3 days of proestrus or 32 days in late anestrus |
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Cheque Drops
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Not for cats
Or dogs w/ liver disease, or breeding bitches (can't predict next estrus) daily oral dose, begin 30 prior to predicted proestrus |
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Testosterone in bitches
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common practice in racing greyhounds weekly IM or bi-weekly oral.
Start before puberty. Usually return to normal estrus after cessation. |
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Deslorelin
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A GnRH analogue implant.
Not in US. SQ implant= reversible. Every 6 months Can induce estrus. Or use with progesterone during anestrus to prevent. |
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Pseudopregnancy
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Occurs after every estrus in the bitch and in bred queen that don't conceive.
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Mismating shots (B/Q)
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Estrogen injections, not recommended... only do once.
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Estrogen injections for mismating (B/Q)
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Causes tubular lockage, slows passage of embryos, so that can't implant
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Problems with estrogen injections in (B/Q)
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Cause bone marrow suppression if repeated dosing w/in 30 days (only B),
↑ risk of pyometra |
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Other options for mismating
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Spay,
wait til day 28-30 for definitive diagnosis, then use other hormones to abort: Prolactin inhibitors Prostaglandins |
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Prolactin inhibitors
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Reduces prolactin causing lyses of CL, thus abortion.
Best in 2nd trimester. |
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Prostaglandins for mismating
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Many small injections lyse CL and abort pregnancy.
Best in 2nd trimester. |
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Puppy vaginitis
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Purulent discharge in puppies.
"scientific neglect", will resolve by or @ first estrus. Don't spay until clears or 1st heat. |
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Adult vaginitis
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Mostly spayed bitches.
Rule out skin disease, UTI and others conditions. Treat underlying conditions |
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Episioplasty
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Possible treatment of Adult vaginitis.
Removal of excessive skin dorsal & lateral to vulva. |
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When to breed bitches
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1st day she'll stand, every 2-3 days until she won't stand anymore
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Progesterone monitoring for breeding (B)
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usually <1ng/ml
1st rise=LH peak~ 2ng/ml 5ng/ml= ovulation occurs |
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LH monitoring for breeding (B)
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Important when using frozen semen, to identify best time to inseminate
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Breeding management of queen
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breed 2-5 times in 48 hours
Take her to male's territory. Make take several days for her to adjust & become receptive. |
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When they get Pyometra
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a diestral disease-progesterone phase.
Usually 3-5 weeks after estrus in bitch. Anytime in queen. |
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Signs of pyometra
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Depressed
↑SBCs purulent discharge if cervix open (usually queen) PU/PD |
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Treatment of pyometra
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Surgical or Medical intervention
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Surgical treatment of pyometra
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Best option for non-breeding females.
OHE Fluids, antibiotics to support. Support until stabilize enough for surgery. |
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Medical treatment of pyometra
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Prostaglandins PGF2α
Antibiotics (appropriate) |
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Macroscopic evaluation of semen
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Volume
Color |
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Microscopic evaluation of semen
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Motility
Viability Concentration Morphology |
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Factors of Sperm motility
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Gross motility- swirling field on low power
Individual motility-moving in straight lines? |
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Influences of sperm motility
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Temperature
Chemicals (spermicides) Mechanical (aggressive aspiration) Osmotic pressure (water contamination) |
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Sperm viability
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# alive:# dead
Use vital stain=live sperm don't take up stain, dead ones do. Not used much b/c no correlation to fertility |
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Sperm concentration
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#sperm/ml*total volume=total sperm/ejaculate.
Can be counted or estimated based on cloudiness, or scrotal circumference (bulls, rams, bucks) |
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Sperm morphology
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done @ 1000x!
Normal vs. abnormal primary vs secondary abnormality percentages by counting 100 sperm |
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Primary abnormalities of sperm
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Occur in the testicle, reflect testicular function
misshapen heads abnormal acrosomes proximal droplets coiled tails midpiece defects double heads/tails |
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Secondary abnormalities of sperm
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Occur in the epididymus
detached heads distal droplets bent tails |
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Estrous cycle of the Mare
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Seasonally polyestrous
long day breeders average 21 day cycle |
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Anestrus in the mare
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~80% will go through winter anestrus
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Transition phase
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Transition from winter anestrus into breeding season.
Main cause of early season infertility Ovaries begin activity Ends w/ 1st ovulation |
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Behavioral signs of estrus (E)
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Raise tail
winking frequent urination acceptance of males Some show no overt signs |
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Length of estrus (E)
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7-9 days early in season
3-5 days late in season |
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Estrus in Mare
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Cervix & uterus relax
endometrial edema ovulation 24-48 hours before end of estrus |
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Foal heat
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"9 day heat"
1st estrus postpartum usually occurs around 9th day ↓success when bred on foal heat, b/c uterus not completely recovered |
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Diestrus in the mare
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14-16 days
Progesterone predominates cervix & uterus tone no longer receptive to male -actively aggressive |
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biphasic wave of FSH
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cycle of FSH release continously occurring, 1st cause ovulatory follicle, 2nd cause diestrus follicle that don't usually ovulate
responsible for 2ndary CL's that maintain pregnancy |
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Anestrus
(winter) |
~October-February
-occurs in 80% of mares ovaries are small & inactive cervix & uterus very relaxed passive towards stallions |
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Causes of persistent estrus (E)
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"Nymphomania"
-most common during spring transition phase -hormonally active granulosa cells -chromosomal abnormalities (XO) |
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3 conditions caused by granulosa cell tumors
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most common ovarian tumor
hormonally active tumors cause= 1. persistent anestrus 2. persistent estrus 3. stallion-like behavior ↑ testosterone & inhibin other ovary atrophies |
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Diagnosis of granulosa cell tumors
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"Granulosa Cell Panel"=
Serum tests for: progesterone testosterone inhibin |
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Chromosomal abnormalities of concern(E)
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XO
Can cause persistent estrus or anestrus |
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Normal (nonpathologic) causes of persistent anestrus
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winter anestrus (80%)
post-partum anestrus (after foal heat) Pregnancy |
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Abnormal causes of persistent anestrus
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chromosomal abnormalities
granulosa cell tumors inadequate nutrition ovarian senescene (menopause-like) persistent CL/anovulatory follicle diestrus ovulation hormone therapy |
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Causes of shortened luteal phase
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Endometritis
endotoxins diagnostic procedures -all cause inappropriate release of PGF2α |
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3 phases of pregnancy in the mare
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Early =ovulation→Day 40
Endometrial cup phase=Day 40→Day 100 Placental phase=day 100→day 330 (parturition) |
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Time frame of embryo implantation
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Fertilized in uterine tubes
day 6-7-reach uterus day6-16-wanders throughout the uterus=prevents PGF release day 16-embryo implants |
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Endometrial cup phase of gestation
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Day 40-100
Endometrial cups produce eCG→LH-like activity in mare lutenizes 2ndry follicle to 2ndry CL=progesterone to maintain pregnancy |
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Abortion during endometrial cup phase
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Even if it occurs, endometrial cups remain & produce eCG, so she won't go back into estrus till after day 100
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Placental maintenance of pregnancy
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Estrogen from fetal gonads sustains pregnancy
Estrogen ↓near parturition Progesterone ↑near parturition |
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Conditions of concern during pregnancy of mare
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Prepubic tendon rupture
uterine torsion hydrops |
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Prepubic tendon rupture in mare
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occurs late in pregnancy
-usually in draft breeds -usually fatal |
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Uterine torsion in mare
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occurs late in pregnancy
-presents as colic diagnose by rectal palpation of broad ligament treat surgically or by "rolling" -plank in the flank |
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Hydrops in mare
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excessive fluid accumulations in amniotic and allantoic sacs
pressure can kill fetus, or rupture prepubic tendon treat by inducing abortion |
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Predicting parturition in mares
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Monitor Ca levels in milk
->200ppm=will foal w/in 72 hours (most sooner) increased size of mammary glands in last month relaxation of vulva & pelvic tendons= tailhead rises |
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Gestation length of mares
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11 months, 11 days
(330-345 days average) normal range=305-400 will be longer if foaling in winter, or carry males |
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Pregnancy diagnosis in mare
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Fetal heartbeat detectable via U/S by day 24
Palpable by day 28-30 |
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Growing size of fetus for sports fans
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Day 28-golf ball
Day 35-softball Day 60-football Day 90-basketball |
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3 Stages of parturition
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Stage 1-preparatory stage
Stage 2-expulsion of fetus Stage 3-passing of placenta |
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Preparatory stage of parturition
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Mare is sweating, restless
Foal repositions itself @ cervix Mare can stop & wait hours or days if bothered |
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Stage 2 of parturition
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Can last 10-40 minutes (20 average)
Chorioallantoic membrane bursts=breaking water Fetus enters pelvic canal Mare lays on side to push ends when hips pass vulva & she stops pushing |
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Ferguson's reflex
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when fetus enters pelvic canal, causes oxytocin release
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Stage 3 of parturition
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contractions of myometrium cause the placenta to detach, should pass within 3 hours after foal is.
should be smooth & gray on outside (gets turned inside-out) |
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Parts of Mare breeding soundness exam
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History
Mare status Physical exam |
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History portion of breeding soundness exam
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Age-older than 12 may have reduced fertility & comformational changes
Breeding history-previous pregnancies/births, any infertility, Uterine infection |
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Mare status of breeding soundness exam
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Foaling Mare-most fertile
Maiden Mare-unproven Barren Mare-most problematic |
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Maiden Mare
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Unproven reproductive status
younger mares considered normal until proven otherwise Older mares may have problems |
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Barren mare
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Has history of foaling, but not this year. Includes mares that have bred, but not convceived/foaled and those just not bred
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Physical exam part of breeding exam
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General health
External genitalia Rectal exam Vaginal exam U/S exam Uterine endoscopy, cytology, culture & biopsy Chromosomal karyotpe |
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What to look for during external genitalia exam
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tight seal of vulva-doesn't suck air when open
perpendicular of ground most below the ischatic arch |
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What to look for during rectal exam
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Repro tract-abnormal pelvic canal
uterus-tone, size, make sure not pregnant already ovaries-size activity, ovulation fossa |
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What to look for during Vaginal speculum exam
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health of vagina & cervix
discharges, pooling of urine, injury, vaginitis must exam immediately after opening, b/c air will make appear hemorrhagic |
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What to look for during U/S exam
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fluid in uterus
endometrial cysts/edema pregnancy ovary activity |
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What to look for during uterine cytology
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inflammatory cells (mainly neutrophils)
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What to look for during uterine culture
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use a guarded swab to rule out bacterial/fungal endometritis
must do cytology or biopsy to interpret |
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What to look for during uterine biopsy
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Grades describe endometrium
Grades I, IIA, IIB, III |
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Grade I uterus
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Normal endometrium
>80% chance of normal foaling |
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Grade IIA
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inflammation present w/ or w/o fibrosis
~75% chance of normal foaling |
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Grade IIB
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inflammation w/ or w/o fibrosis
~50% chance of normal foaling |
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Grade III
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extensive fibrosis w/ or w/o inflammation <10% chance of foaling
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What to look for on chromosomal karyotyping
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only needed on maiden mares, w/ congenital abnormalities-small repro tract/ovaries, flaccid uterus/cervix
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What to look for during uterine endoscopy
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may be needed in mares w/ history of infertility, uterine trauma/dystocia.
Identify UT junctions, adhesions, other endometrial abnormalities |
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Endometritis
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the most common cause of infertility in mares.
Caused by mare's inability to deal w/ or clear bacterial contamination |
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Common uterine pathogens
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Strep, E. coli
Yeast Venereal-pseudomonas & klebsiella |
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Prognosis of chronic endometritis
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usually a life-long problem of recurrent infections, leading to fibrosis & infertility
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CEM
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Contagious Equine Metritis
Caused by Taylorella equigenitalis must quarantine imported breeding stock from endemic areas |
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Treatments of endometritis
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Intrauterine antimicrobials
systemic antimicrobials Uterine lavage minimal contamination breeding techniques oxytocin DMSO Caslick's surgery Curettage |
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Intrauterine antimicrobial therapy
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large volumes for adequate coverage of uterus, must base of sensitivity tests
Administered warm, 3-5x/day |
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Systemic antibiotic therapy
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used in mares w/ signs of systemic infection, usually in postpartum mares
Broad spectrum antibiotics |
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Uterine lavage
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large volumes of warmed fluids (+/- antibiotics)
helps clear debris |
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Minimum contamination breeding techniques
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breeding w/ semen mixed with antibiotic extender
or deposit antibiotic extender before natural cover |
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Oxytocin for treatment of endometritis
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helps clear debris
can be given post breeding may need multiple doses |
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DMSO for treatment of endometritis
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helps clear inflammation & reduce fibrosis
multiple treatments, 3x/day |
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Caslick's surgery
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vulvoplasty
temporary remedy for chronically infected staple vulva closed until pregnancy diagnosed |
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Curettage
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mechanical or chemical scrapping of uterine lining
hope |
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Anatomic abnormalities
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Vulvar conformation, Urine pooling, Persistent hymen
Vaginal adhesions, Cervical tears/scarring, endometrial hypoplasia/ atrophy/ fibrosis/ cysts, uterine adhesions/foreign bodies/tumors/abscesses |
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Vaginal adhesions
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usually caused by traumatic dystocia, vaginal walls grow together to close reproductive tract, preventable, sometimes fixable
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Cervical tears/scarring
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usually after dystocia or forcefull removal of fetus, but can be after normal foaling.
scars prevent cervix from closing tightly, fixable w/surgery |
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Endometrial hypoplasia
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usually in mares with chromosomal abnormalities and/or intersexes.
Permanent |
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Endometrial atrophy
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in old/debilitated mares,
confirm with biopsy |
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Endometrial fibrosis
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Degenerative change, caused by chronic infections/harsh therapy
can be helped with DMSO |
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Endometrial cysts
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must differentiate from actual pregnancy, many can carry with multiple cysts
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Uterine adhesions
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caused by trauma following foaling/dystocia/uterine therapy
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Uterine foreign bodies
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Iatrogenic
fetal remnants can remove & restore fertility |
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Uterine tumors
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rare, but may be able to remove
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Uterine abscesses
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from trauma
metritis pyometra |
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Prostaglandins in mare
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Primarily for luteolysis, though not effective till 5 days post-ovulation
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Uses of Prostaglandins in mare
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Shorten luteal phase
Elective abortion-before day 40 Treat uterine infections-get back under estrogen control helps clearing |
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Uses of oxytocin in the mare
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Induce parturition
For retained placenta evacuate the uterus & promote involution |
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Uses of hCG (E)
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LH activity
Induce ovulation 24-48 hours after injection diagnose cryptorchid |
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Regumate
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an oral progestin, daily administration
used to end transitional phase-ovulatory heat 3-5 days post injection Controlling estrus behavior in performance mares Maintain pregnancy-1st 100 days |
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Progesterone use (E)
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Controlling stallion-like behavior in geldings & estrus behavior in mares
Delaying postpartum estrus |
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Thyroxin
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Used in many to improve fertility & maintain pregnancy
"stressed mares may be euthyroid" |
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Deslorelin (E)
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GnRH analogue
an implant used to stimulate ovulation may cause problems next estrus, if they don't get pregnant |
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Breeding management of the mare
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breed on day 2 of estrus & every other day, until out
Pasture breeding best hand/artifical breeding easier w/hCG/deslorelin |
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Lighting effect
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place under increasing light @ least 60 days before you want to breed her
(usually 15 Dec-to breed 15 Feb) Best added @ end up day up to 16 hours |
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Encouraging early cycling
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↑light
Regumate |
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Other breeding management factors to consider
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Rectal palpation/ U/S of uterus & ovaries
Vaginoscopy Teasing Prostaglandins Shipped cooled semen vs froze semen |
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Teaser
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figure out who's in estrus
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U/S / palpation of ovaries & uterus
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measure follicles-ovulatory follicles~3.5-4cm
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Shipped cooled semen
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shipped overnight in Equitainer
dose placed directly into mare w/o warming sometimes split & 2nd dose implanted next day |
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Frozen semen
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short-life span
must be placed within 4-6 hours of ovulation have to follow thawing instructions exactly |
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U/S Diagnosis of pregnancy
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12-14 days post-ovulation
check for twins continue to recheck |
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Diagnosis of pregnancy w/o U/S
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teaser male 14 days post ovulation, to check for estrus
no estrus by day 21-rectal palpation repeat day 30-35 |
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Twinning with mares
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#1 cause of non-infectious abortion
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what to do w/ twins
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if detected prior to day 16, 1 of the amnion vesicle is crushed
reduce feed-negative feed balance to resorb one transvaginal aspiration of one per rectal decapitation |
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Vaccinations for pregnant mares
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Rhinopneumonitis virus-EHV-1
Tetanus |
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Rhinopneumonitis virus
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EHV-1
#1 viral cause of abortion vaccinate @ 5,7 & 9 months keep mares isolated from traveling horses |
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Fescue
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Symbiotic relationship with Acremonium coenophialum, a fungus.
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Fescue toxicity (E)
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prolonged gestation
agalactia dystocia thickened placenta poor foals |
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Prevention of fescue toxicity
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remove mares from fescue pasture @ day 300 prevents all adverse effects
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Treatment of fescue toxicity
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domperidone
resperpine before foaling ↑ prolactin |
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3 factors of stallion fertility
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libido
mating ability semen quality |
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Breeding soundness exam of stallion
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Handling
history physical exam genitalia bacterial cultures semen collection & eval, longevity |
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Physical exam concerns of stallion
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musculoskeletal issues,
rear lameness of particular concern |
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Exam of genitalia of stallion
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palpate scrotum/testes
scrotal width |
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Bacterial cultures for stallion
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from urethra before & after ejaculate
shaft urethral fossa look for Klebsiella, pseudomonas, CEM |
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Semen collection of stallion
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artifical vagina
chemical induction |
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Semen eval for stallions
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>1 billion normal sperm in 2nd ejaculate 1 hour apart
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Semen longevity test for stallion
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semen left @ room temp & checked hourly for motility
also done with extended semen |
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Infectios causes of infertility of stallion
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klebsiella, pseudomonas, CEM, Equine Viral arteritis, Equine herpesvirus 3, Dourine-trypanosoma (not in US)
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Non-infectious causes of infertility of stallion
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Injury, overuse, neoplasia, hemospermia, urospermia, testicular degeneration, cryptochidism
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