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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When is the Rooting Reflex present?
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Onset: 28 wks gestation
Integration: 3 months |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Rooting Reflex?
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Stimulus: stroke the corner of the mouth, upper lip, and lower lip
Response: movement of the tongue, mouth, and/or head toward the stimulus |
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What is the relevance of the Rooting Reflex?
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Allows searching for and locating feeding source
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When is the Suck-swallow Reflex present?
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Onset: 28 wks gestation
Integration: 2-5 months |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Suck-swallow Reflex?
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Stimulus: place examiner's index finger inside infant's mouth with head in midline
Response: strong, rhythmical sucking |
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What is the relevance of the Suck-swallow Reflex?
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Allows ingestion of nourishment
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When is the Traction Reflex present?
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Onset: 28 wks gestation
Integration: 2-5 months |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Traction Reflex?
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Stimulus: grasp infant's forearms and pull-to-sit
Response: complete flexion of upper extremities |
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What is the relevance of the Traction Reflex?
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Enhances momentary reflexive grasp
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When is the Moro Reflex present?
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Onset: 28 wks gestation
Integration: 4-6 months |
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What is the simulus and response for the Moro Reflex?
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Stimulus: rapidly drop infant's head backward
Response: - first phase: arm extension/abduction, hand opening - second phase: arm flexion and adduction |
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What is the relevance of the Moro Reflex?
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Facilitates ability to depart from dominant flexor posture: protective response
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When is the Plantar Grasp Reflex present?
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Onset: 28 wks gestation
Integration: 9 months |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Plantar Grasp Reflex?
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Stimulus: apply pressure with thumb on the infant's ball of the foot
Response: toe flexion |
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What is the relevance of the Plantar Grasp reflex?
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Increases tactile input to sole of foot
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When is the Galant Reflex present?
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Onset: 32 wks gestation
Integration: 2 months |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Galant Reflex?
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Stimulus: hold infant in prone suspension, gently scratch or tap alongside the spine with finger, from shoulders to buttocks
Response: lateral trunk flexion and wrinkling of the skin on the stimulated side |
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What is the relevance of the Galant Reflex?
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Facilitates lateral trunk movements necessary for trunk stabilization
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When is the Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex present?
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Onset: 37 wks gestation
Integration: 4-6 months |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex?
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Stimulus: fully rotate infant's head and hold for 5 seconds
Response: extension of extremities on the face side, flexion of extremities on the skull side |
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What is the relevance of the Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex?
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Promotoes visual hand regard
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When is the Palmar Grasp Reflex present?
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Onset: 37 wks gestation
Integration 4-6 months |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Palmar Grasp Reflex?
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Stimulus: place examiner's finger in infant's palm
Response: finger flexion; relexive grasp |
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What is the relevance of the Palmar Grasp Reflex?
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Increases tactile input on the palm of the hand
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When is the Tonic Labyrinthine - Supine Reflex present?
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Onset: >37 wks gestation
Integration: 6 months |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Tonic Labyrinthine - Supine Reflex?
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Stimulus: place infant in supine
Response: Increased extensor tone |
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What is the relevance of the Tonic Labyrinthine - Supine Reflex?
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Facilitates total-body extensor tone
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When is the Tonic Labyrinthine - Prone Reflex present?
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Onset: >37
Integration: 6 months |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Tonic Labyrinthine - Prone Reflex?
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Stimulus: place infant in prone
Response: incresed flexor tone |
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What is the relevance of the Tonic Labyrinthine - Prone Reflex?
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Facilitates total-body flexor tone
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When is the Labyrinthine/optical (head) Righting Reflex present?
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Onset: birth - 2 months
Integration: persists |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Labyrinthine/optical (head) Righting Reflex?
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Stimulus: hold infant suspended vertically and tilt slowly (about 45 degrees) to the side, forward, and backward
Response: upright positioning of the head |
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What is the relevance of the Labyrinthine/optical (head) Righting Reflex?
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Orients head in space; maintains face vertical
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When is the Landau Reflex present?
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Onset: 3-4 months
Integration: 12-24 months |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Landau Reflex?
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Stimulus: hold infant in horizontal prone sustension
Response: complete extension of head, trunk, and extremities |
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What is the relevance of the Landau Reflex?
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Breaks up flexor dominance; facilitates prone extension
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When is the Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex present?
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Onset: 4-6 months
Integration: 8-12 months |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex?
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Stimulus: place infant in the crawling position and extend the head
Response: flexion of hips and knees |
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What is the relevance of the Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex?
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Breaks up total extensor posture; facilitates static quadruped position
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When is the Neck Righting (NOB) Reflex present?
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Onset: 4-6 months
Integration: 5 years |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Neck Righting (NOB) Reflex?
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Simulus: place infant in supine and fully turn head to one side
Response: log rolling of the entire body to maintain alignment with the head |
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What is the relevance of the Neck Righting (NOB) Reflex?
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Maintains head/body alignment; initiates rolling (first ambulation effort)
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When is the Body Righting (on body) (BOB) Reflex present?
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Onset: 4-6 months
Integration: 5 years |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Body Righting (on body) (BOB) Reflex?
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Simulus: place infant in supine, flex one hip and knee toward the chest and hold briefly
Response: segmental rolling of the upper trunk to maintain alignment |
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What is the relevance of the Body Righting (on body) (BOB) Reflex?
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Facilitates trunk/spinal rotation
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When is the Downward Parachute (protective extension downward) Reflex present?
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Onset: 4 months
Integration: persists |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Downward Parachute (protective extension downward) Reflex?
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Stimulus: rapidly lower infant toward supporting surface while suspended vertically
Response: extension of the lower extremities |
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What is the relevance of the Downward Parachute (protective extension downward) Reflex?
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Allows accurate placement of lower extremities in anticipation of a surface
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When is the Forward Parachute (protective extension forward) Reflex present?
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Onset: 6-9 months
Integration: persists |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Forward Parachute (protective extension forward) Reflex?
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Stimulus: suddenly tip infant forward toward supporting surface while vertically suspended
Response: sudden extension of the upper extremities, hand opening, and neck extension |
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What is the relevance of the Forward Parachute (protective extension forward) Reflex?
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Allows accurate placement of upper extremities in anticipation of supporting surface to prevent a fall
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When is the Sideward Parachute (protective extension sideward) Reflex present?
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Onset: 7 months
Integration: persists |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Sideward Parachute (protective extension sideward) Reflex?
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Stimulus: quickly but firmly tip infant off-balance to the side while in the sitting position
Response: arm extension and abduction to the side |
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What is the relevance of the Sideward Parachute (protective extension sideward) Reflex?
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Protects body to prevent a fall; supports body for unilateral use of opposite arm
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When is the Backward Parachute (protective extension backward) Reflex present?
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Onset: 9-10 months
Integration: persists |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Backward Parachute (protective extension backward) Reflex present?
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Stimulus: quckly but firmly tip infant off-balance backward
Response: backward arm extension or arm extension to one side |
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What is the relevance of the Backward Parachute (protective extension backward) Reflex?
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Protects body to prevent a fall; unilaterally facilitates spinal rotation
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When is the Prone Tilting Reflex present?
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Onset: 5 months
Integration: persists |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Prone Tilting Reflex?
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Stimulus: after positioning infant in prone, slowly raise one side of the supporting suface
Response: curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs |
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What is the relevance of the Prone Tilting Reflex?
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Maintain equilibrium without arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions
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When is the Supine Tilting and Sitting Tilting Reflex present?
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Onset: 7-8 months
Integration: persists |
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What is the stimulus and response for the Supine Tilting and Sitting Tilting Reflex?
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Stimulus: after positioning infant in supine or sitting, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface
Response: curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs |
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What is the relevance of the Supine Tilting and Sitting Tilting Reflex?
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Maintain equilibrium without arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions
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When is the Quadruped Tilting Reflex present?
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Onset: 9-12 months
Integration: persists |
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What is the stimulus and response of the Quadruped Tilting Reflex?
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Stimulus: after positioning infant on all fours, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface
Response: curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs |
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What is the relevance of the Quadruped Tilting Reflex?
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Maintain equilibrium without arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions
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When is the Standing Tilting Reflex present?
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Onset: 12-21 months
Integration: persists |
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What is the stimulus and response of the Standing Tilting Reflex?
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Stimulus: after positioning infant in standing, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface
Response: curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs |
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What is the relevance of the Standing Tilting Reflex?
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Maintain equilibrium without arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions
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What is Gestational age?
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the age of the fetus or newborn, in weeks, from first day of mother's last normal menstrual period
- normal gestational period 38-42 weeks - divided into 3 trimesters |
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What is Conceptual age?
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the age of the fetus or newborn in weeks since conception
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What sensory systems lay the foundation for balance and postural control?
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vestibular, proprioceptive, and visual systems
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What sensory systems lay the foundation for development of somatosensory skills?
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tactile and proprioceptive systems
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What sensory systems lay the foundation for eye-hand coordination skills?
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visual and tactile systems
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What is the first sensory system to develop?
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tactile system
this system is the most mature sensory system at birth |
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When does the vestibular system begin to function?
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at the end of the first trimester (not completely developed)
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When do movement patterns progress from reflexive to voluntary and goal-directed?
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0-6 months
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What skills develop as the tactile and proprioceptive systems develop?
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- fine motor skills
- motor planning skills - midline skills and eventual midline crossing |
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Which systems develop to allow for development of sounds for the purpose of communication?
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tactile, auditory, and proprioceptive systems
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Which systems develop to allow for primitive self-feeding?
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tactile, proprioceptive, gustatory, and olfactory systems
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The persistance or reemergence of primitive reflexes may indicate what?
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Central Nervous System (CNS) dysfunction that may interfere with motor milestone attainment, patterns of movement, musculoskeletal alignment, and function
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How is Crossing the Midline developed?
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As the child becomes more mobile, movement against gravity and weight-shift increase, leading to eventual crossing of the midline, often in an attempt to reach for a toy, while weight bearing on the opposing upper extremity for balance (begins at 9-12 months).
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How does Laterality develop?
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Hemispheric specialization for specific tasks varies with different individuals (handedness is considered to be stable by age 5; however, strong preferences can be seen much earlier).
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How does Bilateral Integration develop?
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As the child experiements with movement, his/her nervous system is stimulated, and these sensations help the child to coordinate the two sides of the body (begins at 9-12 months).
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How does Visual-Motor Integration develop?
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It is dependent upon the lower level skills of visual attention, visual memory, visual discrimination, kinesthesia, position in space, figure ground, form constancy, and spatial relations.
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How does Oral-Motor control develop?
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It is developed in the area of feeding. It provides the foundation for early oral communication and later language development.
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What are the general principles of Motor Development?
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- occurs from proximal to distal
- progresses from gross to fine movement - progresses from stability to controlled mobility - occurs in a spiraling manner, with periods of equilibrium and disequilibrium - sensitive periods occur when the infant/child is affected by envrionmental input |
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Gross Motor Skills
Prone Position 0-2 months |
- turns head side to side
- lifts head momentarily - sustains in midline - bends hips with bottom in air - rotates head freely when up - able to bear weight on forearms - able to tuck chin and gaze at hands in forearm prop - attempts to shift weight on forearms, resulting in shoulder collapse |
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Gross Motor Skills
Prone Position 5-6 months |
- shifts weight on forearms and reaches forward
- bears weight and shifts weight on extended arms - legs are closer together and thighs roll inward toward natural alignment - hips are flat on surface - prone tilting equilibrium reaction is present |
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Gross Motor Skills
Prone Position 5-8 months |
Airplane posturing in prone position; chest and thighs lift off surface
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Gross Motor Skills
Prone Position 7-8 months |
- pivots in prone position
- moves to prone position to sit |
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Gross Motor Skills
Prone Position 9 months |
Begins to dislike prone position
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Gross Motor Skills
Supine Position 0-3 months |
- head held to one side
- able to turn head side to side |
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Gross Motor Skills
Supine Position 3-4 months |
- holds head in midline
- chin is tucked and neck lengthens in back - legs come together - lower back flattens against the floor |
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Gross Motor Skills
Supine Position 4-5 months |
- head lag is gone when pulled to a sitting position
- hands are together in space |
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Gross Motor Skills
Supine Position 5-6 months |
- lifts head independently
- brings feet to mouth - brings hands to feet - able to reach for toy with one or both hands - hands are predominantly open |
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Gross Motor Skills
Supine Position 7-8 months |
supine tilting equilibrium reaction is present
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Gross Motor Skills
Rolling 3-4 months |
- rolls from prone position to side accidentally because of poor control of weight shift
- rolls from supine position to side |
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Gross Motor Skills
Rolling 5-6 months |
- rolls from prone to supine position
- rolls from supine position to side with right and left leg performing independent movements - rolls from supine to prone position with right and left leg performing independent movements |
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Gross Motor Skills
Rolling 6-14 months |
Rolls segmentally with roll initiated by the head, shoulder, or hips
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Gross Motor Skills
Creeping 7 months |
Crawls forward on belly
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Gross Motor Skills
Creeping 7-10 months |
Reciprocal creep
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Gross Motor Skills
Creeping 10-11 months |
Creeps on hands and feet
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Gross Motor Skills
Creeping 11-12 months |
Creeps well
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Gross Motor Skills
Sitting 0-3 months (held in sitting) |
- head bobs in sitting
- back is rounded - hips are apart, turned out, and bent - head is steady - chin tucks; able to gaze at floor - sits with less support - hips are bent and shoulders are in front of hips |
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Gross Motor Skills
Sitting 5-6 months (supports self in sitting) |
- sits alone momentarily
- increased extension in back - sits by propping forward on arms - wide base, legs are bent - periodic use of "high guard" position - protective responses present when falling to the front |
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Gross Motor Skills
Sitting 5-10 months (sits alone) |
- sits alone steadily, initially with wide base of support
- able to play with toys in sitting position |
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Gross Motor Skills
Sitting 6-11 months |
Gets to sitting position from prone position
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Gross Motor Skills
Sitting 7-8 months |
- equilibrium reactions are present
- able to rotate upper body while lower body remains stationary - protective responses are present when falling to the side |
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Gross Motor Skills
Sitting 8-10 months |
- sits well without support
- legs are closer; full upright position, knees straight - increased variety of sitting positions, including "w" sit and side sit - difficult fine motor tasks may prompt return to wide base of support |
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Gross Motor Skills
Sitting 9-18 months |
Rises from supine position by first rolling over to stomach when pushing up into four-point position
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Gross Motor Skills
Sitting 10-12 months |
- protective extension backwards, first with bent elbows then straight elbows
- able to move in and out of sitting position into other positions |
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Gross Motor Skills
Sitting 11-12 months |
- trunk control and equilibrium responses are fully developed in sitting position
- further increase in variety of positions possible |
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Gross Motor Skills
Sitting 11-24 months + |
Rises from supine by first rolling to side then pushing up into sitting position
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Gross Motor Skills
Standing 0-3 months |
When held in standing position, takes some weight on legs
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Gross Motor Skills
Standing 2-3 months |
When held in standing position, legs may give way
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Gross Motor Skills
Standing 3-4 months |
- bears some weight on legs, but must be held proximally
- head is up in midline, no chin tuck - pelvis and hips are behind shoulders - legs are apart and turned outward |
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Gross Motor Skills
Standing 5-10 months |
Stands while holding onto furniture
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Gross Motor Skills
Standing 5-6 months |
- increased capability to bear weight
- decreased support needed; may be held by arms or hands - legs are still spread apart and turned outward - bounces in standing position |
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Gross Motor Skills
Standing 6-12 months |
Pulls to standing position at furniture
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Gross Motor Skills
Standing 8-9 months |
- rotates the trunk over the lower extremities
- lower extremities are more active in pulling to a standing position - pulls to a standing position by kneeling, then half-kneeling |
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Gross Motor Skills
Standing 9-13 months |
- pulls to standing position with legs only, no longer needs arms
- stands alone momentarily |
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Gross Motor Skills
Standing 12 months |
Equilibrium reactions are present in standing
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Gross Motor Skills
Walking 8 months |
Cruises sideways
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Gross Motor Skills
Walking 8-18 months |
Walks with two hands held
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Gross Motor Skills
Walking 9-10 months |
Cruises around furniture, turning slightly in intended direction
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Gross Motor Skills
Walking 9-17 months |
Takes independent steps, falls easily
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Gross Motor Skills
Walking 10-14 months |
Walking: stoops and recovers in play
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Gross Motor Skills
Walking 11 months |
- walks with one hand held
- reaches for furniture out of reach when crusing - cruises in either direction, no hesitation |
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Gross Motor Skills
Walking 15 months |
Able to start and stop in walking
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Gross Motor Skills
Walking 18 months |
- seldom falls
- runs stiffly with eyes on ground |
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 0-1 month |
No release; grasp reflex is strong
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 1-4 months |
Involuntary release
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 4 months |
Mutual fingering in midline
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 4-8 months |
Transfers object from hand to hand
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 5-6 months |
Two-stage transfer; taking hand grasps before releasing hand lets go
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 6-7 months |
One-stage transfer; taking hand and releasing hand perform actions simultaneously
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 7-9 months |
Volitional release
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 7-10 months |
Presses down on surface with wrist flexion
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 8 months |
Releases above a surface with wrist flexion
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 9-10 months |
Releases into a container with wrist straight
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 10-14 months |
Clumsy release into small container; hand rests on edge of container
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Gross Motor Skills
Release 12-15 months |
Precise, controlled release into small container with wrist extended
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Motor Skills
Stair Climbing |
- 15 mo: creeps up stairs
- 18-24 mo: walks up/down stairs while holding on - 18-23 mo: creeps backwards down stairs - 2-2.5+ yr: walks up/down stairs w/o support, marking time - 2-2.5-3 yr: walks up stairs, alternating feet - 3-3.5 yr: walks down stairs, alternating feet |
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Motor Skills
Jumping and Hopping |
- 2 yr: jumps down from step
- 2.5+ yr: hops on one foot, few steps - 3 yr: jumps off floor with both feet - 3-5 yr: jumps over objects - 3.5-5 yr: hops on one foot - 3-4 yr: gallops, leading with one foot and transferring weight smoothly and evenly - 5 yr: hops in straight line - 5-6 yr: skips on alternating feet, maintaining balance |
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What are the important components in the development of hand skills?
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- Reaching skills
- Grasping skills - Releasing skills - Carrying skills - Bilateral hand use - Manipulating skills - Pre-writing skills - Scissor use skills |
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What are the developmental levels of reaching skills?
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- newborn: visual regard accompanied by swiping/batting
- 4 months: hands come together at midline for bilateral reaching - 6 months: increased dissociation of body sides allowing for unilateral reaching - 9 months: trunk stability improves as well as arm control |
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What is an Inferior-scissors grasp?
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(of pellet) - 7 months
Raking object into palm with adducted totally flexed thumb and all flexed fingers, or two partially extended fingers |
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What is a Scissors grasp?
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(of pellet) - 8 months
Between thumb and side of curled index finger, distal thumb joint slightly flexed, proximal thumb joint extended |
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What is an Inferior Pincer grasp?
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(of pellet) - 9 months
Between ventral surfaces of thumb and index finger, distal thumb joint extended, beginning of thumb opposition |
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What is a Pincer grasp?
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(of pellet) - 10 months
Between distal pads of thumb and index finger, distal thumb joint slightly flexed, thumb opposed |
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What is a Fine Pincer grasp?
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(of pellet) - 12 months
Between fingertips or fingernails, distal thumb joint flexed |
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What is a Primitive Squeeze grasp?
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(of cube) - 4 months
Visually attends to object, approaches if within 1 inch, contact results in hand pulling object back to squeeze precariously against the other hand or body, no thumb involvement |
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What is a Palmar grasp?
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(of cube) - 5 months
Fingers on top surface of object press it into center of palm with thumb adducted |
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What is a Radial-Palmar grasp?
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(of cube) - 6-7 months
Fingers on far side of object press it against opposed thumb and radial side of palm (6 months), with wrist straight (7 months) or: Child uses 2, 3, and radial palm ○ Most mature infant pattern ○ Thumb not involved |
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What is a Radial-Digital grasp?
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(of cube) - 8-9 months
Object held with the opposed thumb and fingertips, space visible between (8 months), with wrist extended (9 months) |
