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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fat inside the body (viens and arteries) is more hazardous than what?
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Fat outside the body.
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What is holisic care?
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encludes the physical, mental and spritual health of an individual. It focuses on treating symptoms of an illness and treating the entire person.
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What is the deffinition of health from the word health organization?
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A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
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Who is health defined by?
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the individual
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What is illness?
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A state in which a person's physical, emotional, developmental, or spiritual function is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience.
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What is acute illness?
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Usually has a short duration and is severe. The symptoms appear abruptly, are intense, and often subside after a relatively short period.
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What is chronic illness?
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Persists usually longer than 6 months, and can affect functioning in any dimension. The client may fluctuate between maximal functioning and serious health lapses that may be life threatening.
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What is normalization?
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the family adapts to the disease. A "normal" routine develops. The family members become accustomed to any treatments or therapies that the patient receives and adjusts to physical changes of the patient.
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What is primary prevention?
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A health practice that prevents illness or disease in an individual, practiced by healthy people who want to remain healthy.
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What is secondary prevention?
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A health practice that reduces the severity or ill-effects of a disease or debility. The sickened individuals are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions.
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What is tertiary prevention?
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Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible.
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What is acculturation?
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The process of adapting to a new culture.
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What is assimilation?
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Results when an individual gives up his/her ethnic identity in favor of the dominant culture.
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What is Biculturalism?
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Occurs when an individual identifies equally with two or more cultures.
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What is bilineal?
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Kinship extended to both the father's and Mother's side of the family.
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What is cultural backlash?
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May occur as a coutercultural effect when experience with the new culture is negative, the culture is then rejected.
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What is cultural Care Preservation?
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Retain or preserve relevent care values so that pt's can maintain their well-being.
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What is cultural care accommodation?
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Adapt or negotiate with others for a beneficial health outcome.
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Cultural care restructuring?
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Reorder, change, or greatly modify the pts' lifestyles for a new, different and beneficial health care pattern.
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What is cultural imposistion?
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Health care providers who use their own values and lifeways as the absolute guide in dealing with pts' and dealing with behaviors.
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What is cultural pain?
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May be suffered by a pt whose valued way of life s disregarded by practitioners.
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What is culturally congruent care?
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Care that fits the people's valued life patterns and set of meanings.
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What is culture?
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The totality of socially transmitted knowledge of values, beliefs, norms, lifeways of a particular group that guides their thoughts and behaviors.
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What is culture bound syndromes?
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Illnesses constituted by the personal, social, and cultural expectations and reactions of a given society to perceied dysfunctions in its members.
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What is Emic Worldview?
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an insider or native perspective.
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What is Enculturation?
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Socialization into one's primary culture as a child.
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What is Ethnicity?
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Refers to a shared identity related to social and cultural heritage such as values, language, geogrphical space, and racial characteristics.
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What is Ethnocentrism?
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A tendency to hold to one's own way of life as superior to others.
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What is an Etic Worldview?
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An outsiders perspective.
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What are externalization systems?
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Connect health and illnes to social cosmological factors.(exp. acquiring an illness like HIV is punishment from god)
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What are internalizing systems?
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Are observed in modern societies with highly scientific and technological capacity to examine internal structural and biological causes of health and illness.
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What is invisible culture?
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A culture has both visible and invisible components. The invisible-belief system of the pareticular culture is the major driving force behind visible practices.
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What is martrilineal?
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Kinship limited to the mother's side of the family.
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What is partrilineal?
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Kinship related to the father's side of the family.
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What do naturalistic practitioners believe?
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Attribute illness to natural, mpersonal, and biological forces that cause the alteration in the equilibrium of the human body.
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What do personalistic practitioners believe?
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Believe that health and illness can be caused by active influence of an external agent which can be human(ie a sorcerer) or nonhuman (ie a ghost).
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What are subcultures?
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A grop that represents various ethnic, religious, and other groups with distinct characteristics from the dominant culture.
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What is transcultural nursing?
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A comparative study of cultures to understand similarities and differences across human groups.
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Campinha-Bacote defines cultural competence as a process of development with what five interlocking components?
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1-Cultural awareness
2-knowledge 3-skills 4-Encounters 5-Desire |
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What 5 things characterize culture-specific syndrome?
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1-Catergorization as a diesease in the culture.
2-Widespread familiarity in the culture 3-Complete lack of familiarity of condition to people in other cultures. 4-No objective biochemical or tissue abnormalities (symptoms) 5-The conditin usually is recognized and treated by the folk medicine of the culture. |
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What is Pa-feng?
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an example of culture-bound syndrome in china, phobic fear of wind and cold. Patients fear an excess of yin(negative/female energy) from exposure to wind and cold.
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What is zar?
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A culture-bound syndrome in north africa, experience of a spirit possession. Symptoms may include episodes with laughing, shouting, hitting the head against the wall, singing, or weeping, may refuse food.
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What is shenkui?
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A culture-bound syndrome in south and southeast asia, very common. Marked anxiety or panic symptoms with somatic complaints for which no physical causes can be demonstrated. Symptoms include dizziness, backache, general weekness, insomnia, nd complaints of sexual dysfunction. Symptoms are attributed to excessive semen loss from frequent intercourse, masturbation, nocturnal emission, or passing of "white turbid urine" believed to contain semen. Excessive semen loss of one's vital essence and can thereby be life threatening.
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What are rites of passage?
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social markers of change in a person's life. such as pregnancy and childbirth
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What are the two goals of cultural assessment?
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1-to obtain information and understanding from the client, that will enable the nurse to implement culturally appropriate care for that patient.
2-Client's ned for an interpreter must also be established. |
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Cultural care values, beliefs, and practices are imbedded in the cultural and social sturctural dimensions of socient which include what three things?
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1-enviorment contexts
2-language 3-ethnohistory-significant historical experiences of a particular group. |
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Impression managment requires what 3 things?
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linguistic skills, culturally fitting interpretation fo behaviors of others, and communicaton.
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What is future time orientation?
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dominant in american culture, minimizes present time, so communication tends to be direct and focused on task achievement. Businesss time is seperate and distinct from social time.
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What is past and present time orientation?
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Collectivistic cultures emphasize on this to rpeserve social hierachy and promote group harmony. Social time is often emphasized and mixed with business time. Rushed hurried, or business-like communication may be perceived as uncaring or disrespectful.
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What are examples of primary prevention?
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Immunizations, good nutrition, fitness activities, health promotion, wellnes activities, education, and elimination of unhealthy habits.
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What is "The Principle"
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It is better to prevent an illness or disease from developing in the first place than to treat the illness afterwards.
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Where is a large portion of nursing care related to secondary prevention preformed?
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delivered in homes, hospitals, or skilled nursing facilities.
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What are Maslow's hierachy of health needs? (5 levels)
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1-The physiological need: need for food, water, shelter, and clothing.
2-Security need- the need for a family or society to protect against hunger and violence. 3-Love and belonging need: love, appreciation, and friendship 4-Esteem needs: need for self-respect 5-self-actualization:who am I |
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What are internal factors that influence a client's health beliefs and practices? (5 things)
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1-Developmental stage:client's thoughts and behaviors change through-out life.
2-Intellectual background 3-perception of functioning: the way the individual evaluates or precieves their level of health and function. 4-Emotional factors: stress, depression, or fear. 5-Spiritual factors |
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A full term of intrauterine life lasts how long?
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40 weeks or 9 months
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What is Nagele's rule?
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To determine the length of pregnancy count back 3 months from the first day of the last period and add 7.
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What are the 3 risk factors that have been cited as having possible side effects on prenatal development?
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Nutrition, stress, and mother's age.
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What is prematurity?
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Any infant between 20 to 37 weeks gestation.
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What is quickening?
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Fetal movement.
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What is an embryo?
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A developing human in utero that has been in gestation less than 8 weeks.
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What is a fetus?
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a developing human in utero at the completion of the 8th gestational week.
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Physical growth during the school years is slow and steady until when?
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the skeletal growth spurt just before puberty.
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Womens prepubertal growth spurt usually occurs ______ years earlier than boys.
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2 years.
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The young adult usually completes physical growth by what age?
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age of 20
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What is the sandwich generation?
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Adults who have the responsibility of raising their own children while caring for aging parents.
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what is climacteric?
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Condition caused by decreased levels of androgen in men in 40s or early 50s, result in less firm erection and prolonged refractory period.
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What is menopause?
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Condition that typically occurs at age 45 to 40 in women during cessation of the menses cycle. The ovaries no longer produce estrogen and progesterone.
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When is the young adult stage?
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LAte teens to mid 30s
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What are some characteristics of the young adult?
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Individuals increasingly move away from their families of orgin, career goals are established, decision is made either to marry and begin a family or remain single.
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When is the middle aged adult period?
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Mid to late 30's till mid 60's.
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Who are the baby boomers?
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Adults born between 1946 and 1964
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What is gerontology?
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Study of all aspects of the aging process.
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What is geriatrics?
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branch of medicine that deals with the physiological and psycholgical aspects of aging and that diagnosis and treatment of diseases that affect the older adults.
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What is ageism?
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Discrimination against older people because of age.
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What are the three conditions that may affect the cognition of the older adult?
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1-Delirium: acute confusional state that is potentionally reversible.
2-Depression: Loss of interest or pleasure in living. 3-Dementia:generalized impairment of intellectual functioning. (alzheimer's dsease is a common form of dimentia) |
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What is the age for older adults?
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adults over 65.
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Why is there a projected increase in the number of older adults by 2030?
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1- extension of the average lifespan
2- aging of the baby boomers 3- growth of the population segment over age 85. |
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Why are developmental theories important?
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to help understand normal growth and development that then helps us predict, prevent and detect deviations from normal development.
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What is biophysical development?
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Attempts to describe how our bodies grow, change, and develop.
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What is psychoanylytic/psychosocail development?
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Attempts to describe the development of the human personality.
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What is cognitive development?
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Is focused on reasoning and thinking processes, includingthe changes in how people come to preform intellectual operations.
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What is fundamental to culturally congruent care?
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Allowing the patient to describe the meanings of care and identify careing behaviors.
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What is moral development?
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focuses on the desrciption of moral reasoning. Moral reasoning is how people think about the rules of ethical or maral conduct but does not predict what person would actually do in a given situation.
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What is gesell's biophysical theory?
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Arnold gesell, a psychologist, theorixed that the pattern of child's growth in unique but directed by activity of the genes. Gesell believed that a child could not be pushed to develop faster than that own child's unique timetable. the developmental pattern is fixed and not every child develops al skills at the same time.
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What s sigmund freud's theory of development? (5 stages)
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1-Oral: birth to 18 months involves sucking and oral satisfaction.
2-Anal: 12mo. to 3 years involves toilet training and delayed gratification. 3-Phallic or oedipal: 3-6 years involves genital organs identify with parents of the same sex. 4-Latency: 6-12 years involves productive engages in activity that is socially acceptable. 5-Genital:Puberty through adolesecence is the final stage where personality components develop id= basic instinct, Ego= reality, and superego= prohibiting actions. |
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What are Erikson's 8 stages of life, remember you must accomplish one to go on to the next.
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1-Trust vs. Mistrust
2-Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3-Initiative vs. guilt 4-Industry vs. inferiority 5-Identity vs. confusion 6-Intimacy vs. isolation 7-generativity vs. self-absorption and stagnation 8-Integrity vs. disppair. |
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What is Erikson's first stage of life?
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Trus vs. mistrust, from birth to 1 year. Sence of competence, crawling.
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What is Erikson's second stage of life?
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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt, from 1-3 years old. Child becomes accomplished at some self-care activites including walking, feeding, and toileting.
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What is Erikson's third stage of life?
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Initiative vs. guilt, from 3-6 years. Children like to pretend and try out new roles. Conflicts often arise between the child's desire to explore and the limits placed on his or her behavior.
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What is Erikson's fourth stage of life?
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Industry vs. inferiority, from 6-11 years. School age children are eager to apply themselves to learning socially productive skils and tools. Without proper support for learning of new skills or if skills are too difficult, children may then develop a sense of inadequac or inferiority. Thrive on accomplishment, skills, and praise, attitudes towards work and be traced back to here.
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What is Erikson's fifth stage of life?
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Identity vs. role confusion, 13-18 years. Dramatic physiological changes associated with sexual maturation mark this stage. worried about appearance and body image. Identity is established by asking "who am I". New social demands, opportunities, and conflicts arise related to the emergent identityand seperation from family. Onset of puberty.
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What is Erikson's sixth stage of life?
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Intimacy vs isolation, young adult age. having developed a sense of identity, deepens theri capacity to love others and care for them. forms meaningful attachments.
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What is Erikson's seventh stage of life?
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Generativity vs. self absorbtion and stagnation, middle adult age. following the successful development of intimate relationships, the adult can focus on supporting future generations, and expanding ones personal and social envolvement.
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What is Erikson's eighth stage of life?
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Integrity vs. dispair, old age. As the aging process creates physical and social losses, the adult may also suffer loss of status and function, such as through retirement or illness. These external struggles are met with internal struggles such as the seachfor the meaning of life.
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What is Jean Piaget's theory based on?
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Cognitive Development theory is interested in development of children's intellect and reason.
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Jean piaget believes children develop through how many developmental periods.
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4 periods
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What are Jean piaget's 4 developmental theories?
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Period I: Sensorimotor
Period II: Preoperational Period III: Concrete operations Periods IV: Formal operations |
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What is Jean piaget's 1st developmental period?
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Sensorimotor- birth to 2 years. Child develops schema or action pattern and mental images.
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What is Jean piaget's 2nd developmental period?
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Preoperational- 2-7 years. Think with symbols and mental images, play is important.
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What is Jean piaget's 3rd developmental period?
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Concrete operations- 7-11 years. Perform mental operations can think, describe and include others thinking.
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What is Jean piaget's 4th developmental period?
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Formal Operations- 11 years to adulthood. Abstract and theory, justice, peace, reasoning, increase understanding and experiences.
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What is Physical growth?
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Measurable aspect of individual's increase in height, weight, skeletal development, development of adult teeth, and sexual characteristics.
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What is development?
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Occurs gradulally and refers to changes in skill and capacity to function. Qualitative in nature, difficult to measure. Development is from simple to complex, general to specific from head to toe cephalocaudal and from trunk to extremities proximodistal.
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What is maturation?
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The process of aging.
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What is Differentiation?
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process by which cells and structures become modified and develop more refined characteristics. The series of events involved in development of a specialized cell having specific structural, functional, and biochemical properties. Embryonic development into fetus.
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What is Lawrence kohlberg's levels of moral development?(6 levels)
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level 1- Punishment and obedience.
level 2-Instrumental relativist/conventional level 3- Good boy-Nice girl orientation level 4- society level 5- postconventional level stage 6- universal ethical. |
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What is Kohlberg's fist level of moral development?
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Personal gain- at this point children view illness as a punishment for misbehavior. The nurse should explain to the child that they are not being punished.
Punishment and obedience- child reasons that "I must follow the rules" avoidance of punishment is motivation to behave. |
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What is Kohlberg's second level of moral development?
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Instrumental relativist- the decision to do what is right is based on satisfying ones own needs. Punishment is avoided- child relizes there is more than 1 right view.
Conventional- individual want to meet other expectations, thinks about how decisions will effect the relationship with others. |
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What is Kohlberg's third level of moral development?
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Good boy-Nice girl orientation: individual wants to win approval tries to be "good/nice"
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What is Kohlberg's forth level of moral development?
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Societ- focuses on societal concerns not just relationships with others.
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What is Kohlberg's fifth level of moral development?
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Postconventional level- human rights and societal rules.
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What is Kohlberg's sixth level of moral development?
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universal ethical- develops conscience. Bases actions on what is most just.
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Who specifies guidelines for documentation?
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JCACHO- joint commission on accreditation of healthcare organizations.
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What is documentation?
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Anything written or printed in a client record is a vital aspect of nursing practice.
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What must the documentation in the nursing field have? (6 things)
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Must be accuate, comprehensive and flexible enough to retrieve critical data, maintain quality and continuity of care, track client outcomes, and reflect current standards.
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What are critical pathways?
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Multidisciplinary care plans that include key interventions and expected outcomes within an established time frame.
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What is acuity?
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Acuity records provide a method of determining the hours of care and staff required for a given group of clients. A client's acuity level is based on the type and number of nursing interventions required for providing care in a 24 hour period.
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When does discharge planning begin?
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Ideally it begins at admission.
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What is T/O?
What is V/O? |
Telephone order
verbal order |
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When may a v/o order be accepted?
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When there is no opportunity for a physician to write the order, as in emergancy situations.
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Who is responsible for writing a T/O or a V/O on the physician's order sheet in the client's permanate record and signing it.
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The RN
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What are the 3 levels of communication?
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1) intrapersonal- occurs within the individual.
2) Self talk- Strongly influences feelings and behavior, can be used to develop self awareness, positive self-concept. 3) Interpersonal- between 2 people, most frequently used, social context, results in exchange of ideas, problem solving, team building, expression of feelings. |
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What is trans personal communication?
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Prayer, meditation, and spirituality, with in the spiritual domain.
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What are the 7 rights?
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Right Time, person, route, drug, dose, reason, documentation.
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What is referent?
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A stimulus that motivates one person to communicate with another.
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What is a sender?
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A person who delivers the message.
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What is a reciever?
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A perosn who recieves and decodes a message.
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What is a message?
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The content of the communication; may be verbal, non-verbal, and symbolic.
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What are channels?
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Means of conveying and recieving messages, uses visual, auditory, tactile sences, facial and tonality.
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What is feedback?
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Messages returned by the reciever.
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What are interpersonal veriables?
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Factors that influence communication, it includes a sender and a reciever, involves experiences, expectatons, perceptions, cultures, emotions, pain, anxiety, effects of medication.
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What is enviorment?
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the setting for sender/reciever interaction. Must meet physical and emotional comfort for safety.
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What is verbal communication?
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Spoken or written in words. Vocabulary is important.
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What s Denotative meaning?
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Individuals that share a common language share a common meaning. (single word with several meanings)
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What is connotative meaning?
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Is the shade or interpretation influenced by thoughts, feelings, or ideas.
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What is pace and intonation?
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The speed and tone you verbalize a message. affects the messages meaning.
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What is clarity and brevity?
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Effective communication is simple, brief, and direct.
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What is timing?
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timing is critical and must be relevent when conveying a message.
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What is nonverbal communication?
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Doesn not include the spoken or written word. includes, interpretation, personal appearence, posture, gait, facial expression, eye contact, gestures, sounds, and personal space.
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What are the zones of communication? (4)
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1)Intimate zone- 0 to 18 inches
2)Personal zone- 18 inches to 4 feet. 3)social- 4 to 12 feet 4)Public - greater than 4 feet. |
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What are the zones of touch? (4)
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Social zone, consent zone, vulneralbe zone, intimate zone.
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What is symbolic communication?
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Art, music, dreams, and drawings
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What is meta communication?
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The deeper message with in the message.
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What are the 4 goal directed phases in comunication?
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Pre-interaction phase, orientation phase, working phase, termination phase.
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What is autonomy?
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ability to be self directed and independent
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What affects communication?
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Psycho-physiological
Relational Situational Environment Culture |
