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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
temperment - meantone
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a system of tuning in which the pure fifths are compromised in favor of pure thirds
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enharmonic equivalent
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two tones having the same pitch but different spelling
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Neumatic notation
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the early system of musical notation
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compound meter
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meter in which the basic pulse may be subdivided into groups of three EX: 6/8, 9/8, 12/8 etc.
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simple metere
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a meter that has a simple division of the beat
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tritone
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this interval may be heard as either a diminished fifth or as an augmented fourth
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diatonic
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any one of the common scales make of whole steps and half steps in a particular pattern
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C Clefs
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the soprano, alto, tenor, mezzo soprano, and baritone are all examples of the C clef
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transposition
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the process of rewritting a piece of music or a scale so that it sounds higher or lower in pitch. This involves raising or lowering each pitch by the same interval
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Rarefraction
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the decreased pressure in the air caused by an activated (vibrating) surface or air column
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Pythagorean tuning
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sixth century philosopher Pythagoras method of tuning was to use only the pure fifths found in the harmonic series. While this method would appear to be ideal, the other intervals, particularly the major third were so badly out of tune that the major chords were dissonant
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Just intonation
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(15th century) solved the problem of out of tune major chords by tuning a few major thirds according to the harmonic series. The result of this method was that some chords were pure whereas others were even more out of tune than with the Pythagorean tuning system.
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Unequal temperment
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this gave up the purity of the thirds and fifths and distributed the error over enough of the intervals that most of them were acceptable
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Equal temperment
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divides the octaves into 12 equal half steps. this is what we use today
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Harmony
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musical result of tones sounding together. (melody implies the linear or horizontal aspects of music, harmony refers to the vertical dimension of music)
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Chord
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a harmonic unit with at least three different tones sounding simultaneously
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Teritian
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chords containing a superposition of harmonic thirds
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Triad Root
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the note on which the triad is built
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Major Triad
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consists of a major third and a perfect fifth
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Minor Triad
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consists of a minor third and a perfect fifth
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Diminished Triad
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consists of diminished third and diminished fifth
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Augmented Triad
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consists of a major third and augmented fifth
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Triad Inversion
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inversion of a triad occurs when the root is not the lowest-sounding pitch
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Root Position
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if the root of the triad is the lowest sounding pitch
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First Inversion
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if the third factor is lowest sounding pitch
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Second Inversion
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if the fifth factor is the lowest sounding pitch
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Organum
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a style from the thirteenth century
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Figured Bass
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the bass line with the accompanying symbols - consists of a bass line with figures (mostly numbers) below to indicate the type of harmony
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Primary Triads
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triads built on the tonic, subdominant, and dominant
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Harmonic Analysis
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Two analytical methods are: roman numeral analysis and macro analysis
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Roman Numeral Analysis
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Roman numerals are used to distinguish triads based on scale degrees; Arabic numerals with carets are used for scale degrees themselves
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Triad Position Symbol -
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Root position - no symbol
first inversion - 6 second inverstion - 6/4 |
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Simple Position
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when triads are reduced to three notes spaced as close together as possible
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Seventh Chords
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formed by adding another third above the fifth factor of a triad
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Seventh Chord Analysis
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Root position seventh chord - 7
first inversion - 6/5 second inversion - 4/3 third inversion - 4/2 or 2 |
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Figured Bass Symbols
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the numbers 6 and 6/4 refer to intervals above the bass note. Figured bass numbers do not denote specific arrangements. That is, they do not indicate what note should be placed in a particular voice
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Macro Analysis
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uses letter names to indicate the roots of chords, with symbols to depict chord quality
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phrase
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substantial musical thought which ends with a musical punctuation called a cadence. Phrases are created through an interaction of melody, harmony, and rhythm
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harmonic cadence
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musical puntuation that closes a phrase or section of music
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perfect authentic cadence
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a progression from V to I in major keys and V to i in minor keys. Both chords must be in root position. In this cadence the tonic note must also be the highest sounding pitch in the triad. The perfect authentic cadence is the strongest.
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modes
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Dorian (2)
Phrygian (3) Lydian (4) Mixolydian (5) Aeolian (6) Locrian (7) Ionian (1) |
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scales (natural minor) (harmonic minor) (melodic minor)
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NM - down 4 half steps (including start note)\
HM - raised seventh degree MM - raised 6th and seventh degree |
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Tonic
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first degree
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supertonic
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second degree
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mediant
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third degree
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subdominant
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fourth degree
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dominant
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fifth degree
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submediant
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sixth degree
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leading tone and subtonic
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seventh degree
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blues scale
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flat third and seventh
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modes
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Dorian (2)
Phrygian (3) Lydian (4) Mixolydian (5) Aeolian (6) Locrian (7) Ionian (7) |
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scales (natural minor) (harmonic minor) (melodic minor)
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NM - down 4 half steps (including start note)\
HM - raised seventh degree MM - raised 6th and seventh degree |
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Tonic
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first degree
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supertonic
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second degree
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mediant
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third degree
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octonic scale (diminished scale)
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eight note scale made up of alternating whole steps and half steps
(because resulting triads are diminished) |
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more on modes
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Dorian - D
Phrygian - E Lydian - F Mixolydian - G Aeolian - A Locryian - B Ionian - C |
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Modes I III V and VII are called...
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authentic because the final is at the bottom of the range
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Modes II IV and VIII area called
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plagal and has the same pattern of half steps and whole steps as the authentic except their range surrounds the final
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standard instrumentation of a jazz band today...
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4 trumpets
4 trombones 5 saxaphones |
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the three basic elements of jazz performances provided by the rhythm section are...
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pulse, harmony, and rhythmic interaction
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half step motion
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flatted tones most often followed by a tone w/a different letter name a half step lower
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frequency
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the number of compression to rarefraction cycles that occur per unit of time
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intensity
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the volume or loudness of a tone
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partials
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pitches produced silumtaneously by the vibrating sections
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tonality
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organized system of tones where one tone becomes the central point
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pentatonic scale
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five tone scale
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whole tone scale
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made up entirely of whole steps between adjacent scale degrees
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tenor clef
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designates the fourth line of the staff as middle C
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fundamental
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the first partial
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timbre
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tone quality or color of sound
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alto clef
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designates the third line as middle C
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asymmetrical meters
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means not symmetrical and applies to the meteres that cannot be divided into equal groups
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compound intervals
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intervals greater than an octave
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compression
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the increased pressure in the air
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pitch inventory
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collection of total pitch classes appearing in a piece of music arranged from lowest to highest
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